Random #1
103
How many trials were conducted?
New York subway
Where was the study conducted?
Approx. 4,450
How many people were observed?
Drunk and cane
What two types of victim were used?
Field experiment
What type of experiment was used?
How people respond when witnessing someone needing help
What is bystander behaviour?
Responsibility to help is spread among bystanders.
What is diffusion of responsibility?
Someone who appears to be a participant but works with the researcher.
What is a confederate?
Numerical data.
What is quantitative data?
How well findings reflect behaviour in real-life settings.
What is ecological validity?
He was seen as less responsible for his situation.
Why was the cane victim helped more than the drunk victim?
They may have perceived a lower cost of helping.
Why might men have been more likely to help?
To observe behaviour in a realistic situation.
Why did Piliavin use a field experiment?
Helping is more likely when perceived rewards outweigh costs.
How does the cost-reward model explain helping?
Helping may be perceived as riskier, and the victim is perceived as responsible for their condition.
Why might a drunk victim receive less help?
A person collapses on an empty street. Why might help be more likely?
Less diffusion of responsibility.
A passenger sees an apparently injured person who poses no danger. Predict their response.
Helping is more likely because the cost of helping is low.
A crowd watches someone needing help, but nobody acts. Explain this behaviour.
Diffusion of responsibility
Someone appears responsible for causing their own emergency. Predict helping behaviour.
Helping may be less likely.
A passenger immediately helps someone who appears seriously ill. Use the cost-reward model to explain this.
The perceived benefits/rewards of helping outweigh the costs.
High because the behaviour occurred naturally on a real subway.
Evaluate the ecological validity of the study.
The mainly New York passenger sample may not represent other populations/cultures.
Give one generalisability weakness.
Passengers did not consent to being studied
Evaluate one ethical issue with the study.
Natural behaviour increases ecological validity.
Give one strength of using a field experiment.
Less control over extraneous variables makes cause-and-effect harder to establish.
Give one weakness of using a field experiment.