Nature vs. Artifice
What do the shadows on the wall represent in the allegory of Plato's cave?
An indirect grasp of reality - objects of artifice, as captured in shadows, that are far from the reality of the forms
True
What is the first precept of natural law according to Aquinas?
Pursue the good
Bensalem, in New Atlantis (1626), by Francis Bacon
What is "unsocial sociability"?
It is antagonism within society, in so far as this antagonism becomes in the long run the cause of law-governed social order.
According to Aristotle, "art ______ nature"?
"imitates"
What is one consequence of "the fall," according to Genesis?
- Man's relation to nature and working the land become more difficult
- Nature itself loses a certain harmony with human
- Pain in childbearing; mired relations with man
Natural Law can be abolished from the heart of man by continual breaches, according to Aquinas; True/False
False;
According to Bacon's Novum Organon, a new science must work against which two existing patterns of thought?
skeptics and dogmatists
What is one example of a people/nation Rousseau uses to defend the notion of an ignorant, virtuous people?
Persia, Scythians, Germans, Rome and Sparta
What subjects (3-4) does Socrates suggest the Philosopher will need to study to be lead towards truth?
Geometry; astronomy; dialectic (Also accepted: arithmetic, when young and harmonics)
False - Christianity's monothesim, which declares God an omnipotent first cause, brings an ordered structure, capable of being studied
Which author said "Law, and Right, differ as much, as Obligation, and Liberty; which in one and the same matter are inconsistent"
Thomas Hobbes.
What is the "building block" to which Hobbes reduces virtue and all social relations? (i.e. in relation to what should we think of interpersonal dynamics)
How is Enlightenment brought about? What kind of activities (public or private?) are relevant in this endeavor?
All that is needed is freedom and the freedom to make public use of one's reason in all matters
What does Aristotle mean when he says that "nature is an underlying"?
A thing's nature references the "substance" which gives it an underlying form, in which accidents inhere
How does nature inform or relate to politics, in the pagan outlook?
By way of signs and portents.
What is the first/fundamental law of nature, according to Thomas Hobbes?
“That every man, ought to endeavour Peace, as farre as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use, all helps, and advantages of Warre.” The first branch, of which Rule, containeth the first, and Fundamentall Law of Nature; which is, “To seek Peace, and follow it.”
What kind of "knowledge" was at issue in the trial of Galileo?
What are two of man's metaphysical/moral characteristics if one takes him in an original natural state, according to Rousseau?
- Freedom (ability to deny instinct)
- Pity (pitié) (repulsion at suffering of others)
- Perfectabilty (capacity to change and develop)
According to Aristotle's Physics Book I what is foundational to the pursuit of science (i.e. what do we know when we think we know a thing)?
"the first causes and first principles and... elements"
What is the significance of pagan views of death and how do they differ from more contemporary approaches?
The "leave as much and as good" proviso the "spoilage" proviso limit PP, the latter is inapplicable with invention of money
What is the method or approach to nature that Bacon champions in his works New Atlantis and Novum Organon
Empirical/experimental/inductive method of science
What is the most difficult challenge for mankind, according to Kant and why is it most difficult?
Forming a commonwealth to make a just civil constitution. Why? Because man needs a master to make him obey, but that master is also a human being who needs a master