DIAGNOSIS
This imaging modality is recommended as the preferred test for suspected nephrolithiasis..
low-dose non-contrast CT scan
fluid intake is recommended in patients with kidney stones to achieve a minimum daily urine output of
2.5 L/day
Potassium citrate is recommended for people with
recurrent kidney stones with hypocitraturia and/or low urine pH that persists despite nutrition therapy.
These medications are recommended as first-line treatment for acute renal colic
NSAIDs
In Breaking Bad, Walter White originally worked as this type of scientist.
chemistry teacher
ultrasound has lower diagnostic accuracy, but may be appropriate for imaging in..
-uncomplicated cases
-individuals with recurrent kidney stones
Recommend a daily sodium intake is .. in people with calcium-based stones (in mmol and mg)
< 100 mmol (2300 mg)
It is suggested to use thiazide diuretics in people with
recurrent kidney stones and persistent hypercalciuria following nutrition therapy focused on fluid intake, so diumrestriction, and normal calcium intake.
• Profound hypocitraturia is ... and this usually requires citrate supplementation
urine citrate < 0.5 mmol/ 24 h
This HBO series became a hit among medical trainees in 2025 (hint: usually watched on night ICU rotation)
The Pitt
A recommendation that should be done for all people with recurrent kidney stones..
stone analysis
higher urine output is recommended in patients with cystine stones because..
of the low solubility of cystine compared with other types of kidney stones,
This major 2023 trial challenged the efficacy of thiazides for stone recurrence prevention.
NOSTONE study
Full metabolic evaluation identifies the underlying cause of kidney stones in..
around 90% of cases
In the TV show The Office, this regional manager famously grills his foot on a George Foreman grill
Michael Scott
It is recommend to do metabolic evaluation for all individuals with kidney stones, what does a basic metabolic evaluation include?
-Patient's history
-Blood testing: Ca, phos, Bicarb etc
-Initial midstream urine testing: check pH and r/o infection
It is recommend to achieve dietary intake for calcium... for people with calcium stones
1000 mg/d
The guideline suggests against routine use of this class of medications for stone prevention unless indicated for gout.
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Low .. diet will increase .. stones
calcium/oxalate diet
calcium stones
The medication residents prescribe themselves before rounds
coffee (or chai)
A cystine screen should be considered when stone type is unknown and these two clues are present..
young age at stone formation and/or a strong family history
Increased fruit and vegetable consumption help reducing kidney stone formation by (3)
-neutralize dietary acid load
- increase urine pH
-raise urine citrate levels
Potassium citrate is preferred over sodium bicarbonate because sodium bicarbonate increases urinary excretion of this electrolyte.
Sodium (may promote sodium urate precipitation)
What is the most cost-effective intervention for preventing recurrent stones
Nutrition therapy
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The Mandalorian