Intermolecular Forces
This weakest type of IMAF is present in all atoms and molecules, arising from temporary, instantaneous dipoles.
What is London Dispersion?
This liquid property is defined as a fluid's internal resistance to flow, often measured in centipoise (cP).
What is viscosity?
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What is a lie?
This phase change occurs when high-energy surface molecules completely overcome liquid IMAFs to escape into a gas state.
What is vaporization (or evaporation)?
Liquids with very weak IMAFs that evaporate incredibly fast (like gasoline) are described by this chemical term.
What is volatile?
This exceptionally strong type of dipole-dipole interaction only occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
This phenomenon causes water to form spherical droplets in order to minimize its total surface area.
What is surface tension?
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Because it strips away the highest-energy molecules and leaves lower-energy molecules behind, evaporation acts as this type of thermal process.
What is a cooling process?
The "normal" boiling point of any substance is specifically measured at this exact external pressure.
What is 1 atmosphere (1 atm or 760 torr)?
Boasting strengths of 30 to over 100 kJ/mol, this is the strongest type of IMAF and is responsible for ionic compounds dissolving in polar solvents.
What are Ion-Dipole Forces?
As the temperature of a liquid increases, both its viscosity and surface tension will experience this change.
What is a decrease?
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What is black skin?
This term describes the state in a closed container where the rate of vaporization perfectly equals the rate of condensation.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
This thermodynamic constant, abbreviated as Change in Hvap, quantifies the heat required to vaporize one mole of a liquid.
What is the heat (or enthalpy) of vaporization?
This specific factor determines the strength of dispersion forces because larger electron clouds distort more easily.
What is molar mass (or molecular size/polarizability)?
Between hexane (C6H14 )and octane (C8H18), this molecule has a higher viscosity because its longer chain creates more dispersion interactions.
What is octane?
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Because it requires an input of energy to break intermolecular attractions apart, vaporization belongs to this general thermodynamic category.
What is an endothermic process?
Named after two scientists, this mathematical equation relates a liquid's vapor pressure directly to its temperature in Kelvin.
What is the Clausius-Clapeyron equation?
Between a pair of highly polar small molecules and a massive nonpolar molecule, this type of force can surprisingly become the stronger of the two due to vast electron cloud size.
What are London dispersion forces?
Water beads up on a newly waxed car because its internal cohesive forces are much stronger than these forces between the water and the wax.
What are adhesive forces?
If a container of 100.0 g of liquid water at 100.0°C has its external pressure instantly dropped to 0.500 atm, the water will instantly cool itself down to this new boiling temperature in Celsius.
What is 81.3 C?
This specific physical event occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid rises to exactly equal the external atmospheric pressure.
What is boiling?
When using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, you must use this specific value and unit for the ideal gas constant R.
What is 8.314 J/(mol x K)?