Altered Respiratory Function
What is Hemoptysis?
bloody (hemo) sputum (ptysis, meaning “to spit”)
What position is this => orthopneic position?
Clients who experience orthopnea (shortness of breath when lying in a flat or supine position) often prefer to sit up and lean over a table (called the orthopneic position).
What device is this: It consists of a set of two prongs that are placed in the client’s nostrils and a plastic tube that fits behind the ears. The prongs from which oxygen flows curve downward to prevent drying of the sinuses.
Nasal Cannula
A pulse oximeter is a
device used to measure (meter) oxygen (oxi) concentration in arterial blood as well as to measure pulse rate.
The normal range is 95 to 100%
process of inserting an artificial airway
Intubation
SOB, SOBOE
*Orthopnea
short of breath, short of breath on exertion
*shortness of breath (dyspnea) when lying in a flat or supine position and ability to breathe comfortably (pnea) only when sitting or standing (ortho).
a machine that measures the amount (volume) of air inhaled.
A spirometer.
*An incentive spirometer is a tool that provides encouragement (incentive) while measuring the amount of air you breathe in (spirometer).
Also called: Sustained Maximal Inspiration (SMI)
Venturi Mask _______
allows precise amounts of oxygen to be given. Special colour-coded plastic adaptors that fit into the mask are connected to the source of oxygen. Each colour is coded to show what amount of oxygen the mask delivers.
*The amount of oxygen ordered by the physician and administered to the client is called the flow rate. Range: 2 to 15 L/min
What is Bronchoscopy?
a scope (scopy) passed into the trachea and bronchi (broncho). Airway structures are checked for bleeding and tumours.
Oropharyngeal airway
Nasopharyngeal airway
Plastic hollow tube inserted through the mouth and into the pharynx (Oropharyngeal airway)
Plastic hollow tube inserted through a nostril and into the pharynx (Nasopharyngeal airway)
Tachypnea
Bradypnea
Apnea
Dyspnea
rapid (tachy) breathing (pnea). Respirations are 20 or more per minute. (Tachypnea)
slow (brady) breathing (pnea). Respirations are fewer than 12 per minute. (Bradypnea)
the lack or absence (a) of breathing (pnea). (Apnea)
difficult, laboured, or painful (dys) breathing (pnea). (Dyspnea)
What is atelectasis?
a portion of the lung collapses after mucus collects in a section of the airway, preventing air from entering that part of the lung
Difference b/w Partial-Rebreather & Non-Rebreather Mask.
Partial-Rebreather: Collects exhaled air in an attached bag. The client inhales a mixture of pure oxygen, some exhaled air, and some room air.
Non-Rebreather: Uses valves to completely block exhaled air and room air from entering the bag. The client inhales only pure oxygen from the bag, while exhaled air escapes out through holes in the mask.
What is Thoracentesis?
the pleura (thora) is punctured, and air or fluid is removed (centesis) from it. The physician inserts a needle through the chest wall into the pleural sac when injury or disease causes it to fill with air, blood, or fluid, and respiratory function is affected. Sometimes fluid is removed for laboratory study, and sometimes anticancer medications are injected into the pleural sac.
Endotracheal (ET) tube
Tracheostomy tube
A tube is inserted through the mouth or nose and into the trachea. A balloon (called a cuff) at the end of the tube is inflated to keep the airway in place. (Endotracheal tube)
A tube is inserted through a surgical incision (ostomy) into the trachea (tracheo). Some tubes have cuffs; the cuff is inflated to keep the tube in place.(Tracheostomy tube)
Kussmaul respirations
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Cheyne–Stokes
deep and rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations)
slow (hypo), shallow, and sometimes irregular respirations. (Hypoventilation)
rapid (hyper) and deeper-than-normal respirations. (Hyperventilation)
respirations that gradually increase in rate and depth and then become shallow and slow. (Cheyne–Stokes)
Oxygen and Fire Safety Guidelines.
(Remove smoking materials or that ignite easily from the room) (Keep the oxygen source and tubing away from heat sources and open flames (e.g., direct sunlight)) (Turn off electrical items before unplugging them.) (Use only electrical equipment that has a three-prong plug whenever possible.) (Know the location of fire extinguishers and how to use them) (If a fire occurs, turn off the oxygen. Then move the client to safety.) (Do not use materials that cause static electricity (wool and synthetic fabrics).)
Why is distilled water used to humidify the O2 not tap water?
Distilled water is pure, sterile water that has been boiled and allowed to cool and condense. Tap water is not used, as it contains impurities that can irritate the mucous membranes and damage the equipment.
Testing in which: the puncturing of a radial or femoral artery to obtain arterial blood and measure the amount of oxygen in it.
Arterial blood gases (ABGs)
*Hemorrhage from the artery must be prevented, so pressure is applied to the artery for at least 5 minutes after the procedure and longer if the client has blood clotting issues.
What are chest tubes used for?
A chest tube is a hollow plastic tube surgically inserted into the chest cavity, which allows removal for:
• Pneumothorax is air (pneumo) in the pleural space (thorax).
• Hemothorax is blood (hemo) in the pleural space (thorax).
• Pleural effusion is the escape and collection of fluid (effusion) in the pleural space (pleural).
one or more can be symptom of: (Difficulty concentrating and difficulty following directions), (Apprehension), (Sitting position, often leaning forward), (Cyanosis), (Dyspnea), (Dizziness), (Disorientation), (Behaviour and personality changes)
Hypoxia
PSW's role in Oxygen Therapy
(assist with oxygen therapy; you do not administer oxygen.) (Check for signs of skin irritation caused by the device.) (Keep the client’s face clean and dry when a mask is used.) (Provide oral hygiene, as directed.) (Make sure the device is clean and free of mucus.) (Make sure there are no kinks in the tubing.)
Why O2 is humidified before giving it to the client?
Oxygen is a dry gas. If it is not humidified (made moist), it can dry the mucous membranes of the airways.
A humidifier is a system by which oxygen is forced through distilled water, allowing it to bubble up and be collected in the tubing for the client to breathe.
*Low flow rates (1 to 2 L/min) by nasal cannula usually do not need humidification.
What is Chest percussion?
also known as chest clapping, is a technique that loosens thick, sticky mucus that is trapped in the lungs into the larger airways. It is done by holding one’s hands in a cupped position and clapping the client’s chest in a forceful but steady beat, moving from the distal areas of the chest toward the main bronchus.
What is Suctioning?
process of withdrawing or sucking up fluid (secretions). Some employers limit suctioning to 10 to 15 seconds for the suction cycle.
*It is your responsibility to ensure that suctioning is within your scope of practice for your province or territory and within your agency