DNA
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
In the nucleus of human cells.
Where does transcription take place?
In the cytoplasm of human cells (outside the nucleus).
Where does translation take place?
Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?
The process that creates proteins.
What is protein synthesis?
In the nucleus of human cells.
Where is DNA found?
To make a “copy” of a gene (information to make one protein) from DNA in the form of a messenger molecule called mRNA.
What is the purpose of transcription?
To use the information that was copied from the gene in DNA during transcription to create the protein according to that gene’s instructions.
What is the purpose of translation?
One [name it] is a messenger, one [name it] delivers amino acids, and one [name it] is a part of the ribosome.
What are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA (in that order)?
The building blocks of proteins; or what the ribosome puts together to make a protein.
What are amino acids?
One sugar, one phosphate and an A, T, G or C nitrogen base
What is a DNA nucleotide?
TATAAA
What is the sequence of bases of the TATA box? Where does RNA Polymerase attach or bind?
It attaches to the “copy” of the gene that was made during transcription and “reads” it in groups of three nucleotides called codons. It is responsible for translation.
What is the ribosome?
One sugar, one phosphate and an A, U, G or C nitrogen base.
What is an RNA nucleotide?
This must be correct otherwise the protein originally coded for in the gene in DNA and transcribed into mRNA will not be made.
What is the order of amino acids?
The information to make a single protein.
What is a gene?
RNA Polymerase (a special enzyme, or protein) unwinds DNA at the TATA box.
RNA Polymerase will only transcribe, or “copy” one gene (section of DNA with the code for a single protein).
RNA Polymerase begins base-pairing RNA nucleotides to the DNA, one by one, A with T, G with C, U with A.
This is how RNA Polymerase builds mRNA, one nucleotide at a time.
When RNA Polymerase reaches the end of the gene, it winds DNA back up.
mRNA leaves the nucleus, ready for the next step.
How does transcription happen? How is mRNA made?
After the ribosome “reads” the codon on the mRNA, it calls a tRNA and base-pairs this part of the tRNA with the codon to double check that the correct amino acid is going to be added to the protein it is building.
What is anticodon?
It is created in the nucleus as a complement to a gene in the DNA strand, then it travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to be translated.
What is mRNA?
DNA --> RNA --> protein
How does information flow during the process of protein synthesis? What is the Central Dogma?
It is the information molecule; it holds all the information needed to create proteins and make life happen.
What is the function or purpose of DNA?
They represent an exact copy of the original instructions encoded in the gene in DNA to create a specific protein.
Why is the order of bases in mRNA important?
The ribosome attaches to the mRNA.
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in groups of 3 nucleotides called codons (the mRNA is NOT physically split up).
As the ribosome reads each codon, it “calls in” a tRNA with a complementary anticodon (for example, if the codon is UCG, the anticodon is AGC).
The anticodon is a physical part of each tRNA, and it corresponds to the particular amino acid it carries - the only job of a tRNA is to deliver or “transfer” amino acids (for example the tRNA with the anticodon AGC carries the amino acid serine, because it corresponds to the codon UCG).
If the codon and anticodon base-pair correctly, the ribosome allows the tRNA to drop its amino acid, and the protein grows by one amino acid.
How does translation work?
Its anticodon is matched (or base-paired) with a complementary codon of mRNA by the ribosome in order to make sure it is delivering (or “transferring”) the correct amino acid.
What does tRNA do?
The resulting protein will not always be different.
What is if you change one base in DNA (which also changes one base in mRNA and the resulting codon)?