Memory
Which type of encoding involves processing information based on its meaning, rather than how it looks or sounds?
Semantic encoding
Your heart races, your palms sweat, and your breathing speeds up before a big presentation. These bodily changes represent which component of emotion?
Physiological
After a long day without anything to drink, you feel thirsty and drink a large glass of water. Which theory of motivation explains this behavior?
Drive-reduction theory
Several people witness someone fall on a busy sidewalk, but nobody stops to help because each assumes someone else will. What is this phenomenon?
Bystander effect
These vivid, detailed memories are often associated with surprising or emotionally significant events
Flashbulb memories
This brain structure is especially important for processing fear and detecting potential threats.
Amygdala
In drive-reduction theory, motivation comes from the "push" of internal biological needs. In _______ theory, motivation comes from the "pull" of external rewards.
Incentive theory
Milgram’s study emphasized the importance of _______ , showing that people will often follow orders from an authority figure, even when those orders conflict with personal morals
Obedience
After celebrating Halloween, a child remembers seeing a jack-o'-lantern at a party, even though there wasn't one. Their expectations about what usually happens on Halloween influenced their memory. What cognitive framework explains this?
A schema
According to this perspective, emotions such as fear and disgust developed because they helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary perspective on emotion
Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors
Cognitive dissonance
After learning the phone number of a new friend at college, you have trouble remembering the phone number of your old friend from high school. What type of memory interference is this?
Retroactive interference
In this famous experiment, infants became distressed when their caregivers suddenly stopped responding to them with facial expressions and gestures.
Still Face Experiment
During a group project, some students contribute less effort than they would if working alone, assuming their classmates will do the work. What is this called?
Social loafing
While studying in a coffee shop, Maya is focused on reading her textbook and isn't consciously paying attention to a conversation at the next table. Later, when her friend mentions a particular vacation destination, Maya realizes she remembers hearing the people at the next table discussing that same destination. Which theory of selective attention could explain this?
Late-selection theory
According to this hypothesis, deliberately smiling may actually influence how happy you feel, rather than simply reflecting an emotion you're already experiencing.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
A student believes that people at another university are all basically the same, while recognizing many different personalities among students at their own school. What is this bias called?
Outgroup homogeneity effect