Who's Who?
This psychologist is considered the founder of behaviorism and emphasized observable behavior.
John B. Watson
In an experiment, this is the variable researchers deliberately manipulate.
Independant Variable (IV)
Repeated exposure to a harmless sound causes you to notice it less over time (like live near an airport).
Habituation
The process of developing a conditioned response through stimulus pairings is called this.
Acquisition
Watson and Rayner conducted this famous experiment to demonstrate conditioned fear in an infant.
The Little Albert Experiment
This psychologist proposed that people learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by observing and imitating others
Albert Bandura
Defining procrastination as the number of minutes between an intended study time and actually beginning to study is an example of this.
Operational Definition
This is a relatively simple automatic stimulus–response relation (like a startle response to a loud noise).
Reflex
The taco truck stops selling tacos but continues playing its jingle. Eventually, the jingle no longer produces anticipation.
Extinction
With Little Albert, the loud frightening noise served as this component of classical conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
This psychologist emphasized how consequences strengthen or weaken behavior.
B. F. Skinner
A researcher records how many times a student checks their phone during class. This is the behavioral measure being used.
Frequency
In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a learned response is called this.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
After several weeks without hearing the taco truck's jingle, the sound unexpectedly produces hunger again.
Spontaneous Recovery
A patient learns relaxation and gradually encounters increasingly feared situations.
Systematic Desensitization
This psychologist demonstrated latent learning and proposed cognitive maps.
Edward Tolman
Two researchers independently observe the same behavior and compare their recordings. They are evaluating this type of reliability.
Interobserver Reliability
This is the increase in responsiveness that can occur following repeated or intense stimulation.
Sensitization
Prof. McCollom develops anxiety around all elevators after a frightening experience in one elevator.
Stimulus Generalization
This model proposes that learning depends on the difference between expected and actual outcomes.
Rescorla-Wagner model
This type of conditioning focuses on associations between stimuli that elicit responses.
classical conditioning
This type of research study observes and records behavior; it does not establish causation.
Descriptive Research
Opponent-process theory proposes that this opposing emotional process becomes stronger with repeated exposure.
B-process
A previously established stimulus already predicts the US, preventing a new stimulus from acquiring much associative strength.
Blocking
Familiar drug-related environmental cues can elicit physiological reactions that oppose the drug's effects.
conditioned compensatory responses