ANOVA
This statistical test compares three or more group means using variance instead of mean differences.
What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
A two‑factor ANOVA always tests this number of hypotheses.
What are three hypotheses?
This statistic measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables.
What is Pearson’s r?
This is the primary goal of linear regression analysis.
What is prediction (or finding the line of best fit)?
This type of statistical test is used when data are categorical rather than numerical.
What is a nonparametric test?
This type of error increases dramatically if researchers run many separate t‑tests instead of one ANOVA.
What is a Type I error (experiment-wise alpha inflation)?
These effects examine mean differences across the levels of one independent variable, ignoring the other.
What are main effects?
This range correctly describes all possible values of Pearson’s r.
What is −1.00 to +1.00?
This regression constant represents the predicted value of Y when X equals zero.
What is the y‑intercept (a)?
This chi‑square test evaluates whether observed category frequencies match a hypothesized distribution.
What is the chi‑square goodness‑of‑fit test?
This value sits in the numerator of the F‑ratio and reflects variability due to treatment effects.
What is between‑treatments variance (MSbetween)?
This type of effect occurs when the influence of one factor depends on the level of another factor.
What is an interaction effect?
This value represents the proportion of shared variability between two variables.
What is r² (the coefficient of determination)?
This symbol represents a predicted score rather than an actual observed score.
What is Ŷ (y‑hat)?
In a test for independence, these values are calculated using row totals, column totals, and sample size.
What are expected frequencies?
If this value is close to 1.00, the null hypothesis for an ANOVA is likely true.
What is the F‑ratio?
In an interaction graph, these visual features signal that an interaction is present.
What are non‑parallel lines?
Despite a strong correlation, researchers cannot claim this without experimental manipulation.
What is causation (cause‑and‑effect)?
This statistic measures the typical distance between actual data points and the regression line.
What is the standard error of the estimate (SEoE)?
This is the correct formula for degrees of freedom in a chi‑square test for independence.
What is (R − 1)(C − 1)?
This follow‑up procedure determines which specific group means differ after a significant F‑test.
What are post hoc tests? (e.g., Tukey’s HSD)
This analysis is conducted after a significant interaction to clarify what is actually happening in the data.
What are simple main effects?
These unusual data points can dramatically inflate or deflate the value of a correlation coefficient.
What are outliers?
This is the null hypothesis tested when using an F‑ratio in regression analysis.
What is “the slope of the regression line equals zero” (H₀: b = 0)?
This effect size statistic is used when both variables form a 2 × 2 contingency table.
What is the phi coefficient (Φ)?