Thought, Language, & Intelligence (CHAPTER 8)
DEFINITION: Deciding how probable/frequent something is based on how well it fits a certain category.
EXAMPLE: Believing that Homicides are a very common cause of death because they is often shown in media.
What is Availability Heuristic?
Certain sequences or categories are easier to maintain in working memory than others. For example, this can involve something like grouping items into "fruits" and "dairy" to remember a grocery list better.
What does the post-categorical feature of working memory mean?
The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state despite external changes.
What is homeostasis?
This graph shows that while high stress can better performance on simple tasks, harder tasks require lower levels of arousal to have better performance.
What is the Yerkes–Dodson curve?
This is when our reflexive response to a repeated stimulus becomes weaker.
What is habituation?
In the past, dividing a person's "mental age" by their chronological age and multiplying it by 100 would give you this.
What is IQ score?
Neurons remain active in memory for a fraction of a second after sensory input stops.
What is neural persistence?
This is the process by which we unknowingly derive our emotional states from what our face is doing.
What is facial feedback?
This theory explains that disorders develop when a pre-existing genetic or biological vulnerability interacts with environmental triggers of stress.
What is the diathesis–stress model?
This stage of Piaget's theory runs from 0 to 18 months, when object permanence is gained.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
A child saying, "I goed to the store," would be an example of this.
What is overregularization error?
As a child, Leo practiced parallel parking between traffic cones in an empty lot. Decades later, having no memory of those lessons, he visits a busy city and effortlessly backs his car into a tight street spot on his first try.
What is an example of procedural memory?
This is what it's called when a child can resist eating a marshmallow when it's right in front of them when told to wait.
What is delaying/delayed gratification?
In monkeys who were separated from their mother for 1 hour, 1 time a week, for 10 weeks ("stress group"), compared to monkeys who were not separated from their mothers ("no-stress group"); when separated again for a longer time, the "stress group" showed less stress. This is an example of...
What is an example of stress inoculation?
Name the big five personality dimensions and explain what they mean.
What are being open minded vs. non-open, conscientious vs. non-directed, extraverted vs. introverted, agreeable vs. antagonistic, and neurotic vs. emotionally stable?
When advertising a product, showing physically attractive people using the product may make the consumer more likely to engage with the product.
What is an example of positive affect heuristic?
After a severe viral infection in the brain, a patient is unable to remember events from before the infection affected her.
What is an example of retrograde amnesia?
Name each:
1. physiological arousal triggers emotions.
2. physiological and emotional arousal occur at the same time.
3. physiological arousal gets interpreted, and the arousal and interpretation combine to make emotion.
What are the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories about the attribution of arousal?
These two axes respond to immediate stress and long-term stress respectively.
What are the SAM (sympathetic-adrenal-medullary) axis and the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis?
The types of feelings that determine whether you think the world controls your fate or if you are in control of your own life.
What are the external and internal locus?
At a debate organized so that the audience is evenly divided with respect to which side they agree with, audience members will tend to leave the debate more persuaded of their prior views than when they arrived.
What is an example of belief perseverance?
A process that requires a certain part of the brain is learning to associate a neutral stimulus (an animal) with an aversive event (a loud noise), which is called classical fear conditioning.
What is an example of a process that requires the amygdala?
Low fat stores trigger this hormone, which tells the hypothalamus to eat more.
What is ghrelin?
These two brain structures/systems activate and rest us when we are under stress.
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
This technology is used to assess the size of certain brain regions that are correlated with scores for certain personality traits.
What is a Functional MRI?