Comparative Neuroanatomy
Development of the brain
White matter facts
Labeling
Misc.
100
Who was the leading antievolutionist and who was the defender of evolution?
Antievolutionist: Owen
Defender of evolution: Huxley
100
During the development, what portion of the neural tube close by day 24, and what portion will close about 2-3 days later?
The rostral end is closed by day 24, caudal end will close about 2-3 days later
100
What is the difference between fascicles and tracts?
Fascicles - small bundles
Tracts - large bundles
100
True or False: The anterior, inferior and superior peri-insular sulci (APs, IPs, and SPs) are known as the limiting insular sulcus.
True, they are known as the circular sulcus or limiting insular sulcus
100
What is the function of protoplasmic astrocytes?
Provide mechanical and metabolic support and response to injury
200
What part of the brain was central to the question of evolution?
Hippocampus minor
200
What do cells in the mesoderm and notochord produce, and what do cells in the ectoderm produce?
(Ventral) Cells in the mesoderm and notochord produce sonic hedgehog
(Dorsal) Cells in the ectoderm produce bone morphogenic proteins
200
What are the three main types of white matter fibres?
Association fibres, projection fibres, and callosal fibres.
Association fibers = connect different regions within the same hemisphere
Projection fibers = connect the cortex with caudal portions of the brain or spinal cord.
Callosal fibers = connect the 2 hemispheres along the medial plane
200
What sulcus separates the pars triangularis into an anterior or posterior part?
triangular sulcus
200
What sulcus is functionally related to the representations of the mouth and tongue?
When present, the transverse post-central sulcus (trs) sulcus is functionally related to representations of the mouth and tongue
300
Who is credited to renaming the calcar avis to the hippocampus minor?
Vicq d' Azyr
300
What portion of the brain connected by the lamina terminali?
Telencephalon connected by the lamina terminalis, and two hemispheres begin to grow
300
What are the modern methods used to identify or measure features of white matter?
Diffusion and quantitative MRI, tractography
300
Which sulci make up the H/K pattern in the orbitofrontal cortex?
300
What is the function (most likely) of Broca's region?
To formulate an articulatory code to be implemented by the motor cortex.
400
Which species do not have a fusiform gyrus, but has a prominent lunate sulcus?
Macaques
400
Which sulci among these 4 (sylvian fissure, central sulcus, inferior temporal sulcus, and lateral occipital sulcus) develop first?
sylvian fissure
400
What are the functions of uncinate fascicules and which two lobes does UF connect?
Uncinate fascicules = episodic memory, language processing, socio-emotional processing
Connects the frontal and temporal lobe
400
What are the sulci labeled in pink, yellow, and red?
Pink - sprs (superior precentral sulcus)
Yellow - pmfs-p (posterior component of posterior middle frontal sulcus)
Red - ifs (inferior frontal sulcus)
400
What are the functions of lateral parietal cortex?
1. Somatomotor processing (mouth, tongue, hand, arm etc)
2. Perception of touch, pressure, temperature, pain
3. Judgement of texture, size, shape, weight
4. Retinotopic maps
5. Maps of numerosity
500
What level of eccentricity does the vertical calcarine sulcus represent in macaques?
7-8 degrees
500
Which sulci among these 4 (tertiary sulci in inferior temporal cortex, calcarine sulcus, collateral sulcus) develop last?
tertiary sulci in inferior temporal cortex
500
What are the functions of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and what does it connect?
Connects the occipital and temporal lobe and its functions are auditory and visual perception, reading, and social cognition
500
What are the sulci in orange, red, and yellow?
Orange: sils (subgenual intralimbic sulcus)
Red: ros-s (superior rostral sulcus)
Yellow: ros-i (inferior rostral sulcus)
500
What does mechanical tension hypothesis proposed?
Differential pulling forces of the underlying white matter on the neocortex produces the convoluted appearance of the brain (Tension above or below certain thresholds stimulates axonal elongation or retraction)