Motivation and Emotion
What is an incentive?
An incentive is an anticipated reward or avoidance of an aversive event in the environment.
What is the Principle of Utility?
The principle of utility states that actions are determined by whether they increase or decrease happiness. The object has utility if it benefits us, or helps us avoid pain.
What part of the brain is responsible for triggering thirst?
The hypothalamus.
What is the Same Domain Effect?
The Same Domain Effect states that negative events produce distress and reduce quality of life, while positive events produce eustress and increase quality of life.
What are the five tiers of Maslow's Theory of Needs?
1- Physiological
2- Safety
3- Belonging
4- Esteem
5- Self-Actualization
What are the necessary factors for an event to happen?
Knowledge, competence, and motivation.
What is the difference between Primary (Viscerogenic) and Secondary (Psychogenic) needs?
Primary needs are physiological and produce bodily satisfaction. On the other hand, secondary needs are mental or emotional satisfaction that is derived from primary needs.
What is the positive reinforcement in drug use?
We take drugs because they make us feel good. The goal is to experience a euphoric effect.
What are the four main categories of racism?
1- Cultural
2- Institutional
3- Individual
4- Collective
What are the Goal Characteristics?
Goal Level, Goal Difficulty, Achievement Valence, Goal Imagery, and Goal Specificity.
What are the four sources of motivation?
1- Genetic History
2- Personal History
3- Psychological and Neurological factors
4- Psychological Variables
What are the four causes in Aristotle's Theory?
1- Efficient
2- Final
3- Formal
4- Material
What is the Revised Restraint Scale used for?
The Revised Restraint Scale is used to measure the extent that which people restrain their eating. Low scores mean that the person is an unrestrained eater and high scores mean that person is a restrained eater.
What is the Open window hypothesis?
The Open window hypothesis states that extreme exercise or psychological stress can weaken the immune system and increase the likelihood of becoming ill.
What theory says that adding extrinsic motivation to an intrinsically motivated behavior decreases intrinsic interest because the perceived reason for performing the behavior has changed? Provide an example.
Cognitive evaluation theory. The example would be profession athletes.
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary behavior?
Involuntary behavior shows a uniform relationship between the stimulus and response, which means that the response follows the stimulus immediately.
What is the formula of Psychological forces in Lewin's field theory?
Valence of goal properties; tension in-person/ psychological distance
How can Drug Priming be a factor in drug relapse?
Which hypothesis explains why students would be more stressed with a pop quiz weighted equally with a scheduled exam other than a regular exam that was scheduled weeks in advance?
Preparatory Response Hypothesis
Less stress is produced when one has advance notice that an aversive event is coming.
What are the seven major psychological needs?
1- Achievement
2- Power
3- Cognition
4- Esteem
5- Relatedness
6- Autonomy
7- Competence
Which stimuli can induce involuntary behavior? Provide an example
External environmental stimuli. An example would be a startle response or pain reflex.
What is Thorndike's Law of effect and what is it based on?
It states that observable consequences guide behavior. Reinforces increase behavior and punishers decrease behavior. Thorndike's law is based on personal satisfaction.
What is the NIDA definition of Addiction?
It is defined as continued drug use despite adverse physical and social effects. The current definition does not include psychological or physiological dependency.
What is the difference between retrospective and prospective research?
Retrospective research happens when the subjects experiencing stress are asked to remember past events of a stressful nature. Prospective research measures a subject's well-being before and after a suspected stressful event.
What is the Substitution Effect in Economics of Motivation?
It says that one reinforcer can replace another provided that they serve the same function. Increase of price of one reinforcer increases the demand for the substitute and eventually lowers demand for the expensive item.