Nervous System + Neurons
What two 2 nervous systems are within the Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Identify 4 types of stress.
- Acute Stress
- Chronic Stress
- Eustress
- Distress
Explain the Multi-store model of memory.
Refer to all key components
When sensory memory is paid attention to, it moves into STM. If it is not rehearsed then the information is lost. If this information is rehearsed then it becomes encoded to LTM, where information can be retrived for later use. However if this info is not being retrieved for a period of time, the information will decay.
Adequate Nutrition & Hydration is a protective factor for mental wellbeing. What type of diet should people follow? and why?
A Mediterranean-style diet as it is high in unprocessed foods and fruits,vegetables,legumes, nuts & seeds.
Describe shift work
Shift work is an occupation that involves working at unusual hours, such as working overnight. This can mean an individual has to sleep at unusual times, such as during the day, rather than at night
Name a physioloigical example of how the Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS make work while lining up waiting to enter the exam hall vs finishing the exam.
Sympathetic:
- Increased heartrate
- Increased perspiration
Parasympathetic:
- Calming down the body to homeostasis
Describe the 3 stages of the GAS model. Include all key components
Alarm Shock
- begins with shock, where the individuals ability to deal with the stressor falls below normal
- Increases to counter shock, where individuals ability to deal with the stressor increases due to adrenaline.
- If the stressor persists, the individual enters..
Resistance Stage
- At this stage, cortisol releases into the bloodstream to increase resistance to stress..
- However, too much cortisol leads to a weakend immune system.
- If the stressor is still not dealt with, or an acute stressor is added on, the indiviudal enters...
Exhaustation Stage
- Stressor has not been dealt, the body is depleted of resources which can lead to serious physical or mental illness.
Explain one social contributing factor to phobia
Specific environmental triggers refer to stimuli or experiences in a person’s environment that evoke an extreme stress response, leading to the development of a phobia.
OR
Stigma around seeking treatment.
Stigma refers to the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others.
In this way, stigma around seeking treatment refers to the sense of shame a person might feel about getting professional help for their phobia.
What BAC is equivalent to 17 hours sleep deprivation?
Name one Affective functioning that made be effected.
0.05 BAC
- Moodiness
-Extreme mood swings
- Easily irritable.
With reference to an example, explain the spinal reflex
A spinal reflex is a rapid, automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus, coordinated by the spinal cord.
For example, when a person touches a hot stove, receptors in the skin of the finger detect the heat and a sensory neuron (afferent) carries the message to the spinal cord. An interneuron relays the message to a motor neuron (efferent), which carries the message to the muscles in the hand, causing the hand to withdraw from the hot stove.
Explain the relationship between GABA dysfunction and Benzodiazipines
GABA dysfunction is one of the biological factors that contribute to the development of a specific phobia. The lack of inhibitory neural transmission in the body leads to over-excitation at the synapses, and this decreased ability to regulate neural firing can lead to feelings of anxiety.
Benzodiazepines can be used to treat this GABA dysfunction. As an agonist, benzodiazepines bind to GABA receptor sites and mimic the effects of GABA to increase its inhibitory response. By inducing inhibitory responses, the rapid excitatory communication between neurons in the fear response is reduced, relieving the anxiety it causes and leading to the relaxation of muscles.
Define Zeitgeber and name one.
Zeitgebers are external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm.
- Light
- Temperature
- Eating & drinking patterns
Distinguish between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Neurotransmitters transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another, whereas neuromodulators modulate the effects of neurotransmitters, influencing neural communication over a longer period.
Explain LTP in terms of contributing factors to phobia
Long-term potentiation is the long-lasting and experience-dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly coactivated.
This contributes to the development of phobias by strengthening the association between neural signals involved in perceiving a stimulus and neural signals involved in activating the fear response.
Through their repeated coactivation, the signals involved in perceiving a phobic stimulus more readily trigger the activation of the neural signals responsible for the fear response.
Define EOG.
An electro-oculograph (EOG) is a device that detects, amplifies, and records the electrical activity of the muscles responsible for eye movement. The movement of these muscles, and therefore movement of the eyes, is measured by electrodes that are attached to the skin above the muscles
Explain Synaptic transmission. Refering to all key components.
The neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic gap.
Dendrites receive these neurotransmitters and send them to the cell body/soma.
The the soma sends the neurotransmitter down the axon that is covered in myelin sheath to insualte and and speeds up the process of transmission.
At this time, the neurotansmitter becomes and action potential, an electrical message.
It continues down the axon terminal and released through the synaptic buttons as a chemical message, into the synaptic gap, where it is ready to be received by the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron.
Explain Systematic desensitisation for someone that is afraid of snakes.
1. The learning of relaxation techniques from a professional.
2. The development of a fear hierarchy. This involves creating a list of anxiety inducing experiences relating to the patient’s phobia, listed in order of easiest to confront, to the most difficult to confront. FOR EXAMPLE, a picture of a snake, to holding a snake.
3. The gradual step-by-step exposure. The gradual step-by-step exposure to each item of the fear hierarchy, beginning with the least anxiety inducing stimulus, paired with practice of the learnt relaxation techniques with each new exposure.
4. The continuation of this systematic exposure. The continuation of this exposure to items on the fear hierarchy until the most fear-inducing stimulus can be faced without producing the phobic response.
What is BLT, and how does it work? Refer to an example
Bright light therapy is a method used to adjust a person’s circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source.
For example, for a student with DSPD.
Exposure to bright light in the morning can help shift their sleep–wake cycle earlier, suppressing melatonin secretion and releasing melatonin earlier in the night making it easier to fall asleep at night and wake up in the morning.