Key science skills
informed consent
when a participant gives consent and agrees to be part of the experiment
four lobes of the brain
parietal
frontal
occipital
temporal
describe nature vs nurture
nature - innate biological factors
nuture - external factors
the interaction of internal and external factors affect the outcome of an individuals life
Other investigation methodologies
●Case Studies
●Fieldwork (observational studies, Interviews, questionnaires, yarning, focus groups)
●Correlation studies
●Literature Review
●Product, processes and systems development
Modelling and simulation studies
criteria 1
Identification and explanation of appropriate psychological terminology in novel and unfamiliar contexts
meaning?
You need to use appropriate psychological terms
structure for aim and hypothesis
to (verb) the effect of (the IV) on (the DV)
it is hypothesised that (affecting the iv) will have an (increased/decreased) effect on (the DV) when compared to (increased/decreased effect)
temporal lobe areas, functions, and damage
wernickes area (L)
primary auditory cortex
process sounds into information
wernicke's aphasia (cant understand speech)
what are biological factors, psychological factors and social factors
broad description, not specific examples
Biological factors - genetic and/ or physiologically based factors
Psychological factors - mental processes, including cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes
Social factors - interactions with others and environment, including relationships and community
summarise validity
internal
the adequacy of measurement tools and procedures.
●the adequacy of the experimental design. Did it minimise extraneous variables? (within groups etc)
●the adequacy of sampling and allocation procedures. Was it representative and unbiased?
●whether the IV truly affected the DV. Were there confounding or extraneous variables?
external
●using sampling procedures that create a more representative sample; i.e. more similar to people in the real world.
●having broad inclusion criteria (characteristics of people in the sample); i.e. having a diverse range of people in the sample, including different cultures
●using a larger sample size, which makes it more likely to be representative of the population.
criteria 2
Analysis and discussion of relevant psychological information, ideas and/or concepts and the connections between them
meaning?
You need to discuss concepts and discuss the links between them
the 5 ethical concepts
integrity
justice
beneficence
non-maleficence
respect
TBI vs NTBI
impacts of ABIs
tbi is from external factors such as hit to the head, ntbi is from internal factors such as change in blood flow
death of neurons
overstimulation of neurons
damage to neurons
Attachment Theory
The attachment formed with caregiver significantly impacts the infant’s emotional development. It has the potential to enhance or reduce their ability to understand and express their own emotions, as well as recognise the emotions of others throughout their lifespan.
what are correlational studies
●Investigate the relationship that exists between variables without manipulation by the researcher
●Direction
○Positive Correlation – As one variable increases the other variable also increases
○Negative Correlation – As one variable increases the other variable decreases
○Zero correlation – no relationship between two variables
●Strength of correlation ranges from -1 to +1
●Examples of potential correlational studies:
○As scores on literacy test increase, scores on English cycle reports increase (positive correlation).
○Increase in time spent at soccer training, increased number of goals in match (positive correlation).
○The greater amount of time spent in lockdown, the lower mental health went (negative correlation).
criteria 3
Analysis and evaluation of data, and/or scientific methodologies and methods, and/or models, and/or theories
meaning?
Analyse and evaluate the data, method, model or theory.
Pros and cons, strengths and weaknesses.
the 6 ethical guidelines
withdrawal rights
informed consent
debriefing
deception
voluntary participation
confidentiality
8 parts of the neuron
dendrites
neurotransmitters
receptors
axon
axon terminals
soma
myelin sheath
nucleus
Method of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and conclusion
●In her study, children between the ages of 12 and 18 months were briefly left alone in a room while the researchers observed their reactions. They were observed when:
1.The parent and child play together
2.A stranger enters the room (Stranger Anxiety)
3.The parent leaves the room (Separation Anxiety)
4.When the parent returned (Reunion Behaviour).
●She concluded that attachment security depends on how sensitive and responsive a caregiver is to an infant’s signals
Allows experimenters to compare results across experimental conditions AND across individuals/participants/groups over time.
Costly and time consuming to plan, conduct and analyse results
Can compare multiple conditions to a baseline.
Researchers have to be across multiple methods
Decreases effect of participant variability
Dropout rates of participants from one group
criteria 4
Construction of evidence-based arguments and/or drawing of conclusions and/or discussion of implications and findings
meaning?
Write out conclusions for the model/study provided.
Discuss implications for the content.
think bigger picture
controlled experimental designs
within - one group that is measured before and after exposition to the iv
between - two different groups which experience different iv, typically one is a control group
mixed - participations put in one experimental group measured before exposition different ivs and then measured after exposition to the ivs (or not)
neuroplasticity
developmental processes and adaptive processes, what do they mean
synaptogenesis - formation of new synapses
synaptic pruning - removal of synapses
myelination - formation of myelin sheath to speed up message transmission
rerouting - when one pathway is damaged so neurons reroute themselves to achieve a similar outcome
sprouting - growth of dendrites and axon terminals to form new connections
piaget's theory of development stages and accomplishments
Sensorimotor Stage
Object permanence
Goal directed behaviour
Pre-Operational Stage
Symbolic thinking
Egocentrism
Concrete Operational Stage
Conservation
Classification
Formal Operational Stage
Reason/ logic
Abstract thought
Types of Data and what they are
qualitative data
information that is not expressed numerically it may be in the form of descriptions, words, meanings or pictures
quantitative data
information that is expressed numerically
subjective data
information that is based on personal opinion, interpretation, point of view or judgment
objective data
information that is observable, measurable, verifiable and free from the personal bias
primary
information collected directly from the source by the researcher
secondary
information that was not collected directly by the current researcher but was collected at an earlier time by someone else
key terms
Investigation methodology - what approach was used to collect
data/information. E.g. Case study, controlled experiment
Data collection - What type of data is collected. E.g. primary,
secondary, quantitative, subjective
Implications - Links to the real world, why do the results matter?
Validity - Does the study measure what it is supposed to be
measuring? Do the results represent true findings among similar
individuals outside of a study