Prenatal Development
What does the neural tube develop into?
brain and spinal cord
What dominates the infant's movements initially then disappear by the frontal lobe as the child moves through normal development?
Primitive (neonatal) Reflexes
At what age is a child able to jump up with a 2-footed take off and land?
2 years (24 months)
Bayleys III, BOT-2, and PDMS-2 are examples of which type of pediatric assessment tool?
Norm-referenced tool
What are the three classifications for cerebral palsy?
1. Quality/ severity of muscle tone and movement
2. Pattern of motor impairment (i.e., hemiplegia)
3. Gross motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS)- degree of functional capability
What stage does the zygote implant on the uterine wall?
Germinal stage (fertilization to roughly 2 weeks)
What is the stimulus for the flexor withdrawal reflex?
noxious stimulus to plantar surface of foot, i.e., poking the foot with your finger or a blunt object
Gross motor skill development in middle childhood tends to be more of what?
Refining and mastery of already learned skills; practicing for hours such as a musical instrument; love to be more physical like climbing, riding a bike swimming, running
What intervention assists a child to process stimuli and input and is a theory of brain-behavior relationship?
Sensory integration
With pediatric TBI, what Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognition would a child be in if he/she only had a localized response to pain or stimulus, such as blinking eyes to a strong light?
Level III
The zygote duplicates itself multiple times and must include what during mitosis for normal development?
Genes and Chromosomes
What reflex if inappropriately dominant will hinder a child's ability to come to midline, feed them self or ride a bike? (say each word not just initials)
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
In Piaget's Pre-Operational period in early childhood, he believes that children's interactions are based on what? (name 2)
Use of symbolism, pretend play, dress-up play, use words or gestures to represent real objects
Reliability is BEST described as?
determines if a tool is an accurate measure of what it claims to measure; consistency between 2 or more raters; repeat-ability of findings
An obstetric brachial plexus disorder due to difficult delivery, breech position or big baby is called what?
Erb's palsy
The cerebellum plays an important role in development. Name three.
Balance, coordination, motor control, motor planning
At what age is an infant able to perform bottom-lifting and grab their feet when in supine position?
5 months
By what age is a child able to walk with a pattern similar to adults?
4 years
What type of intervention uses key points of control to facilitate movement, aims to enhance function, and is typically indicated for patient's with motor disorders or CNS insults?
Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT)
Flexion and extension of the elbows are paramount for independence with ADL's. With AMC, if the PTA cannot obtain both flexion and extension bilaterally, then what is recommended?
work one UE into gaining more flexion and the contralateral UE to gain more extension
At what stage of development can the prenatal infant actively move inside the uterus and respond to familiar voices?
Fetal stage (8 weeks postconception to birth)
At what age is an infant usually able to prone pivot on their belly 360 degrees and belly crawl (army crawl)?
7 months
What is Piaget's stage for middle childhood and give one example from that stage?
Concrete operations- characterized by use of logic, mental manipulations and the start of solving problems; inductive reasoning
(however prediction of outcomes and deductive thinking still difficult; not able to abstract think yet)
Name three things that should be considered when developing the intervention plan for a pediatric client/patient?
reflects child's needs and capabilities
based on child's age and pathology
family centered until age of 3
should be fun and engaging
home program should be embedded in child's routine
Hypotonia is common in Down syndrome which can be particularly dangerous to the child's spine, esp. in what specific joints?
C1-C2 atlantoaxial instabilty