Observational Study Design
This type of study compares individuals who have an outcome of interest to those who do not have the outcome.
What is a case-control study?
If the intervention has a larger effect, then the required sample size is _______.
What is smaller?
Mixed methods research combines the strengths of quantitative research and what other type of research?
This type of variable is not directly observable.
What is a latent variable?
This measure of risk is the likelihood of developing disease in an exposed group compared to a non-exposed group.
What is relative risk?
This phase of clinical trials explores the toxic effects and determines a tolerated dose.
What is phase I?
In a case-control study, mothers of children with autism were likely to remember drugs they took during pregnancy differently than mothers of children without autism. What type of bias is this?
What is information bias? (more specifically, recall bias)
A survey asks participants to write a paragraph describing their childhood. What type of data does this question provide?
What is qualitative?
If you don’t have any idea about the dimensionality of the scale, you would use this method to identify patterns in observed variables and translate them into interpretable underlying factors.
What is exploratory factor analysis (EFA)?
In a Beer & Obesity study, a random sample of 1141 men and 121 women 25-64 years old from Czech Republic were recruited. They completed a questionnaire and short exam in clinic to examine the relation between beer intake and BMI in a beer-drinking population. What type of study is this?
What is a cross-sectional study?
Successful randomization requires that group assignment cannot be _________.
What is predicted in advance?
In case-control studies of smoking and chronic lung disease, the association of exposure with disease will tend to be weaker if controls come from a hospital population than if controls are selected from the community. What type of bias is this?
In this type of mixed methods integration, one form of data informs the data collection of the other.
What is building?
For this type of scale, a score is obtained for each dimension, but a total score across dimensions can also be calculated.
What is a multidimensional scale with correlated dimensions?
This type of study has a goal to explore an unknown field and look at larger populations or trends across-systems.
What is an exploratory study?
This term refers to a beneficial health outcome that can result from one's anticipation that an intervention will help them.
What is the placebo effect?
Smoking is associated with alcohol consumption, and smoking is known to increase risk for heart disease. What would smoking be considered when examining the relationship between alcohol consumption and heart disease?
A reason to consider using mixed methods research would be to use data obtained by one method to help explain results from another. What term do we use to refer to this reason?
What is complementarity?
We can use this method to examine relationships between latent variables and observed variables.
What is structural equation modeling (SEM)?
The measure of risk used mostly in case-control studies is ______ and the measure of risk used mostly in cross-sectional studies is _____.
What is odds ratio and prevalence ratio?
Clinical trials minimize bias through _______ and _______.
What is randomization and blinding?
Women with ovarian cancer were found to have a much lower prevalence of smoking (40%) compared with controls (59%), suggesting that smoking protects against ovarian cancer (odds ratio = 0.46). However, it is possible that the association between smoking and ovarian cancer arose because of confounding by other factors such as oral contraceptive use. To assess whether oral contraceptive use is a confounder, we can look at the association between smoking and ovarian cancer separately for oral contraceptive users and never-users. What is this strategy of controlling for confounding called?
An exploratory sequential mixed methods study design first collects _____ data and then collects _____ data.
What are qualitative and quantitative?
This type of plot can help identify the number of dimensions a scale has.
What is a scree plot?