Cellular Biology
What is the mitochondria?
This organelle is often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell" because it generates energy (ATP) for cellular processes.
What are chromosomes?
Humans normally have 46 of these thread-like structures made of DNA located inside the nucleus of their cells.
What are proprokaryotes?
Bacteria belong to this broad category of simple organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus
What are alveoli?
These microscopic air sacs in the lungs are surrounded by capillaries and serve as the site where gas exchange occurs.
What is photosynthesis?
This is the vital process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy-rich sugars.
What is the nucleus?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells (such as bacteria) completely lack this membrane-bound structure that holds genetic material.
What are alleles?
This term refers to the alternate or different forms of a specific gene (such as 'F' or 'f' for freckles).
What are antibiotics?
This type of medication is effective against bacterial infections, but useless against viral infections like the common cold.
What is the diaphragm?
This dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs changes the volume and pressure of the chest cavity to enable breathing
What is chlorophyll?
This green pigment found inside chloroplasts is responsible for absorbing light energy to power photosynthesis.
What is osmosis?
This term describes the passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
What is a phenotype?
An organism's physical appearance or observable traits (like having freckles) is known as this.
What are plasmids?
These small, circular pieces of DNA are separate from a bacterium's main chromosome and often carry extra genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
What is the pulmonary artery?
This specific blood vessel is an exception among arteries because it carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
What is xylem?
This type of plant vascular tissue is responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves.
What is the nucleolus?
Located inside the nucleus, this dense region is responsible for assembling ribosome subunits.
What is homozygous?
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene, such as GG or ff, is described using this term.
What is a vector?
An organism—such as a mosquito carrying malaria—that carries and transmits a pathogen to a new host is called this.
What are valves
Unlike arteries, veins contain these internal structures to prevent the backward flow of blood as it returns to the heart.
What are stomata (or stoma)?
These tiny microscopic pores, typically found on the underside of plant leaves, open and close to allow for gas exchange and transpiration.
What is a lysosome?
This organelle contains digestive enzymes with a low pH that break down excess or worn-out cell parts, foreign substances, and cellular debris
What is CRISPR Cas9?
This revolutionary gene-editing technology allows scientists to add, remove, or alter genetic material at precise locations in the genome.
What is binary fission?
This process is the primary form of asexual reproduction in bacteria, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
What is the left ventricle?
This thick-walled heart chamber contracts to pump oxygenated blood directly into the aorta for distribution throughout the body.
What are mycorrhizae?
This symbiotic, mutualistic relationship forms between plant roots and fungi, vastly improving the plant's ability to absorb water and essential soil nutrients like phosphorus.