Goals of Reconstruction
What was the primary goal of Reconstruction following the Civil War?
Rebuilding the South, reuniting the nation, and integrating freed Black Americans into society.
What freedom is established by the 13th Amendment?
The abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude.
What federal agency was created to assist formerly enslaved people and poor Southerners?
The Freedmen's Bureau.
What were the Southern laws passed to restrict the freedoms of African Americans called?
Black Codes.
What agreement led to the removal of federal military troops from the South in 1877?
The Compromise of 1877.
Which group in Congress pushed for major changes and equality for Black Americans in the South?
Radical Republicans.
What guarantee is established by the 14th Amendment?
Citizenship and equal protection under the law for all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
What was a major contribution of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Improving access to education and establishing educational institutions.
What economic system replaced plantation labor, keeping many tenant farmers in debt?
Sharecropping.
Who became President as a outcome of the Compromise of 1877?
Rutherford B. Hayes.
How did Congressional Reconstruction differ from Andrew Johnson's plan?
Congressional Reconstruction sought stricter protections for civil rights and required stronger conditions for Southern readmission.
One way the South tried to infringe on the rights given to African Americans
Poll taxes, literacy tests, black codes, jim crow laws
Who was one of the first African American U.S. Senators elected during Reconstruction?
Hiram Revels or Blanche K. Bruce.
What organization used violence and intimidation to undermine Reconstruction and oppose Black rights?
The Ku Klux Klan.
What 1896 Supreme Court ruling upheld state racial segregation laws?
Plessy v. Ferguson
What executive authority did President Johnson use against Republican legislation, and how did Congress respond?
Johnson vetoed the legislation, but Congress overturned his vetoes with a two-thirds majority.
What right is protected by the 15th Amendment?
The right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Approximately how many African Americans were elected to state legislatures in the South during Reconstruction?
Over 600.
What name was given to state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in public places?
Jim Crow laws.
What legal doctrine was created by the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Separate but equal.
What legislative procedure was brought against President Johnson in 1868?
Impeachment
Which major group was excluded from the voting protections of the 15th Amendment?
Women
What did Robert Smalls do during Reconstruction?
He served five terms as a representative in the U.S. House of Representatives.
What measures were used in Southern states to disenfranchise Black voters?
Poll taxes, literacy tests, and voter intimidation
Which constitutional clause of the 14th Amendment did Homer Plessy argue was violated by Louisiana train car laws?
The Equal Protection Clause.