Plans and People
What plan required only 10% of a state's voters to swear loyalty to the Union for readmission?
Lincoln’s 10% Plan.
Which amendment abolished slavery?
13th Amendment
What federal agency was created to help freed people and poor whites after the Civil War?
Freedmen’s Bureau
What white terrorist organization used violence to oppose Reconstruction and terrorize African Americans?
Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
What were the laws called that restricted African Americans’ rights in the South right after the Civil War?
Black Codes
Who became president after Lincoln's assassination and favored quick restoration of Southern states?
Andrew Johnson
Which amendment guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law?
14th Amendment
Name one way African American churches served their communities during Reconstruction.
Served as schools, community centers, and political meeting places (any one).
What term describes Southern whites who returned to power after 1870?
Redeemers
Define "carpetbagger."
Northern newcomers to the South after the war seeking opportunities.
What was the Wade-Davis Bill’s loyalty threshold for restoring state government?
A majority (over 50%) of prewar voters.
Which amendment (and year) prohibited denying the vote based on race?
15th Amendment
What were the three main postwar agricultural systems used in the South?
Sharecropping, share-tenancy, tenant farming
What was the Compromise of 1877’s main effect on Reconstruction?
Federal troops were removed from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction protections.
Who argued that African Americans should adapt to segregation and build economic strength first?
Booker T. Washington
Which group in Congress pushed for full citizenship for African Americans and harsher Reconstruction measures?
Radical Republicans
Name the laws passed in 1870–1871 that made interfering with voting rights a federal crime.
Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Explain how sharecropping often kept workers in debt (brief).
Sharecroppers gave large crop shares to landowners and bought supplies on credit, leading to debt that trapped them
Name two legal mechanisms Southern states used to restrict African American voting after Reconstruction ended
Poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses (any two).
Who argued African Americans should demand full and immediate equality?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Describe one major difference between Lincoln’s plan and the Radical Republicans’ plan for Reconstruction.
Lincoln’s plan required 10% loyalty oath; Radical Republicans wanted about 50% plus military oversight and protections for African American suffrage.
What 1866 law outlawed Black Codes and granted citizenship to African Americans?
Civil Rights Act of 1866
List two lasting economic or infrastructure changes Reconstruction brought to the South.
Public school systems; federal money to modernize railroads and ports (either is acceptable).
Explain one reason why Reconstruction ultimately failed to secure lasting protections for freed people (brief).
Northern political will faded, federal troops withdrew, Supreme Court rulings weakened protections, and local white supremacist violence limited enforcement.
Identify Ida B. Wells and explain her main reform focus in one sentence.
Ida B. Wells — an African American journalist who campaigned against lynching and wrote to expose and end the practice.