Scientific and Industrial Revolutions (100-500)
This 18th-century movement emphasized reason, individualism, and questioning traditional authority.
What is the Enlightenment?
He led the indigenous and enslaved population of Haiti to independence from France in 1804.
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
European powers divided Africa among themselves at this 1884–1885 European conference.
What is the Berlin Conference?
This British Prime Minister famously declared that an "Iron Curtain" had descended across Europe.
Who is Winston Churchill?
He used civil disobedience and salt marches to lead India to independence from British rule.
Who is Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi?
Adam Smith defended this economic system, driven by profit and free markets, in The Wealth of Nations.
What is capitalism?
Known as "The Liberator," this general led independence movements across Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This canal, completed in 1869, created a vital maritime shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
What is the Suez Canal?
This U.S. policy aimed to stop the global spread of communism during the Cold War.
What is containment?
This system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination ended in South Africa in 1994.
What is apartheid?
Karl Marx wrote this 1848 pamphlet predicting a worker-led revolution against the bourgeoisie.
What is the Communist Manifesto?
This French military leader conquered most of Europe before his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
This 1900 anti-foreign uprising in China attempted to expel Western imperialists and Christian missionaries.
What is the Boxer Rebellion?
This Soviet leader instituted policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in the 1980s.
Who is Mikhail Gorbachev?
This international organization was created in 1945 to maintain global peace and security.
What is the United Nations?
This country became the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution due to its abundant coal, iron, and waterways.
What is Great Britain?
This Prussian chancellor used a policy of "Blood and Iron" to unify the German states.
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in this Bosnian city triggered World War I.
What is Sarajevo?
This 1938 policy saw Britain and France yield to Hitler's aggressive demands to avoid war.
What is appeasement?
This cartel of oil-producing nations placed a major embargo on Western nations in 1973.
What is OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)?
This French Enlightenment thinker strongly advocated for the separation of powers in government.
Who is Montesquieu?
This 1815 meeting of European leaders aimed to restore the balance of power after Napoleon's defeat.
What is the Congress of Vienna?
This 1919 treaty ended WWI and forced Germany to accept full blame and pay massive reparations.
What is the Treaty of Versailles?
This 1945 conference split Germany and Berlin into four allied occupation zones.
What is the Yalta Conference?
This African nation suffered a horrific 1994 genocide targeting the minority Tutsi population.
What is Rwanda?