Native American Struggles
Chief Joseph stated that white men swarmed into this modern-day northwestern state looking for gold, stealing horses, and falsely branding tribal cattle
What is Oregon?
This piece of federal legislation, heavily utilized by women in the Dakota Territory, gave widows and single women over 21 the exact same land privileges as men.
What is the Homestead Act?
Although they missed the initial 1849 rush, Chinese immigrants eventually took total control of this specific type of surface mining in California
What is placer mining?
This major 19th-century infrastructure project relied heavily on Chinese laborers before they migrated toward urban industries in cities like San Francisco
What is railroad work? (or building the Transcontinental Railroad)
This 19th-century ideological belief—that the U.S. was divinely ordained to expand across North America—served as the driving justification for the displacement of Native Americans.
What is Manifest Destiny?
This is what Chief Joseph meant when he stated his people had "no friends who would plead our cause" before these specific assemblies.
What are the law councils (or American courts)?
Historian Frederic L. Paxson noted that frontier graveyards reveal a staggering mortality rate for these young, fragile family members due to a lack of sanitation.
Who are children?
This specific corporate entity, consisting of just seven people working in Montana, cleared an impressive $13,000 in gold over a six-month span.
What is the Chang-Ling Company?
White laborers organizing in San Francisco fiercely opposed Chinese immigration because they feared Chinese competition threatened this specific economic benefit.
What is the high level of western wages?
This 1803 territorial acquisition doubled the size of the United States, altering its physical environment and forcing early constitutional debates over executive power
What is the Louisiana Purchase?
Driven out repeatedly by the army, this was the nickname for the armed parties of Kansas squatters trying to seize unassigned lands in Indian Territory.
Who are Boomers?
According to Paxson's document, a frontier woman had to act as a craftsman, a baker, and these two meat-processing roles inside her cabin.
What are a butcher and a packer?
Chinese entrepreneurs successfully undercut American competitors in San Francisco by dropping the price of this specific domestic service basket from $8 down to $5.
What is a basket of laundry?
Ironically, a very high percentage of the white workers who angrily opposed the Chinese in San Francisco were themselves recent immigrants from these two European nations.
Who are the Irish and Germans?
This early 1800s anti-slavery movement shared deep organizational roots, tactics, and foundational ideas regarding human rights with the early women's suffrage movement.
What is the abolition movement?
Congress ultimately took this legislative action to permanently dissolve tribal claims to 2 million acres within the Oklahoma District
What is voting to buy out all Indian claims?
In 1870, the Commissioner of Immigration for this territory proudly noted that a former servant girl successfully saved her weekly $4 wages to buy 320 acres of land.
What is the Dakota Territory?
Chinese agricultural knowledge transformed California's rural economy by shifting it away from wheat farming to this type of acreage.
What is fruit (or orchard/garden crops)?
In his 1891 report, T.J. Morgan argued that Native Americans remained easily led to the "war-path" because they were treated as these—a term for non-citizen residents from another country
What are aliens?
This aggressive legislative act passed under Andrew Jackson brought major constitutional issues to light regarding federal power, states' rights, and indigenous sovereignty
What is the Indian Removal Act?
Believing it was the only way to avoid future conflicts after the Wounded Knee Massacre, Commissioner T.J. Morgan recommended this systemic social policy targeting the "rising generation".
What is forced education/assimilation? (or teaching them English and civilized ways)
This western territory became a major point of discussion in a Kentucky newspaper circular for being a pioneer in granting full voting rights to women.
What is Wyoming?
Named after the immigrant horticulturists who bred them, these two specific citrus and stone fruit varieties became massive economic staples in Florida and Oregon
What are the Bing cherry and the Lue Gim Gong orange?
Liping Zhu points out that despite their economic mobility, Chinese immigrants constantly battled these two distinct social and political disadvantages on the frontier
What are legal discrimination and racial violence?
This specific agricultural innovation, combined with the expansion of western territory, served as the primary factor accelerating the growth of slavery in the early 1800s.
What is the Cotton Gin?