Colonial Foundations (1607-1763)
This cash crop saved Jamestown and became Virginia's major export.
What is tobacco?
This document announced the colonies' separation from Britain.
What is the Declaration of Independence?
This president completed the Louisiana Purchase.
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
This amendment abolished slavery.
What is the 13th Amendment?
This businessman created Standard Oil.
Who was John D. Rockefeller?
This document established self-government aboard the Mayflower.
What is the Mayflower Compact
This battle convinced France to support the American Revolution.
What is the Battle of Saratoga?
This doctrine warned Europe against future colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
This agency assisted formerly enslaved people after the Civil War.
What is the Freedmen's Bureau?
This inventor is associated with the practical electric light bulb.
Who was Thomas Edison?
Before slavery became dominant, many colonists used this labor system in exchange for passage to America.
What is indentured servitude?
This document created America's first national government.
What are the Articles of Confederation?
This invention greatly increased cotton production.
What is the cotton gin?
These Southern laws restricted African American rights.
What are Black Codes?
These groups fought for better wages and working conditions.
What are labor unions?
This British policy allowed the colonies considerable freedom from direct oversight before 1763.
What is Salutary Neglect?
This compromise created a two-house Congress.
What is the Great (Connecticut) Compromise?
This compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
What is the Missouri Compromise?
This Supreme Court case upheld "separate but equal."
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
This book exposed conditions in the meatpacking industry.
What is The Jungle?
This 1730s–1740s religious movement increased interest in individual faith and challenged traditional authority.
What is the First Great Awakening?
These first ten amendments were added to protect individual liberties.
What is the Bill of Rights?
This newspaper editor published The Liberator.
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
This agreement ended Reconstruction.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
This immigration station processed immigrants entering New York Harbor.
What is Ellis Island?
Explain one reason plantation owners increasingly relied on enslaved labor instead of indentured servants.
Enslaved workers served for life, could not claim land, and were more profitable long-term.
This Supreme Court case established judicial review.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
This law required citizens to assist in the capture of escaped enslaved people.
What is the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
This law divided tribal lands into individual plots.
What is the Dawes Act?
This economic theory argued government should stay out of business affairs.
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
How did geography contribute to economic differences between New England and the Southern Colonies?
Poor soil and rocky terrain encouraged trade and shipping in New England, while fertile land encouraged plantation agriculture in the South.
Why did Anti-Federalists oppose ratification of the Constitution?
They feared a strong central government and wanted protections for individual rights.
Explain why the North and South developed different economies.
The North industrialized while the South relied on plantation agriculture and enslaved labor.
Why did Reconstruction fail to protect African American rights long-term?
Federal support ended and Southern states imposed segregation and voting restrictions.
Explain one cause of urban growth during the Gilded Age.
Industrial jobs attracted immigrants and rural Americans to cities.
Analyze one way interactions between Europeans and Native Americans led to conflict.
Competition for land, resources, and cultural differences often led to warfare and displacement.
Explain one weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
The national government could not tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws effectively.
How did Manifest Destiny increase sectional tensions?
Expansion raised disputes over whether new territories would allow slavery.
Explain one impact of the Transcontinental Railroad.
It increased settlement, trade, and economic development in the West.
Compare labor unions and industrial leaders.
Labor unions sought better conditions while industrial leaders sought higher profits and fewer regulations.
This war between Native Americans and New England colonists in 1675 is considered one of the bloodiest conflicts per capita in American history.
What is King Philip's War?
Compare the powers of government under the Articles and the Constitution.
The Constitution created a stronger federal government with executive and judicial branches and taxing power.
Analyze the impact of the Dred Scott decision.
It denied citizenship to African Americans and increased sectional conflict.
Analyze one effect of federal policies toward Native Americans.
Policies weakened tribal cultures and reduced Native-controlled lands.
Analyze one effect of immigration on cities.
Cities became more diverse but also experienced overcrowding and housing shortages.
Explain how colonial self-government contributed to support for independence.
Colonists became accustomed to governing themselves and resisted British efforts to increase control after 1763.
Explain one Enlightenment idea found in the Declaration or Constitution.
John Locke's natural rights influenced the Declaration's emphasis on life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Explain why slavery became the central cause of the Civil War.
Debates over slavery's expansion and political power divided the nation.
Evaluate Reconstruction's success or failure.
It succeeded in ending slavery and granting citizenship but failed to ensure lasting equality.
Evaluate whether industrialization benefited the United States overall.
Answers may vary but should discuss economic growth alongside social problems.