Upper GI
This bacterium is the major risk factor for Peptic Ulcer Disease, accounting for 80% of gastric ulcers and 90% of duodenal ulcers.
What is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
Upper GI bleeding is defined as bleeding occurring above this anatomical structure.
What is the Ligament of Treitz?
This skin sign in cirrhosis presents as red, small, spider-like lesions caused by an increase in circulating estrogen.
What is a spider angioma (telangiectasia / spider nevi)?
These two conditions are the primary causes of acute pancreatitis (one most common in women, the other in men).
What are gallbladder disease (gallstones) and chronic alcohol use?
Among BUN, serum creatinine, and urine output, this lab test is considered the most reliable indicator of kidney function.
What is serum creatinine?
A patient reports burning epigastric pain that occurs 2 to 5 hours after a meal. This timing is characteristic of this specific type of ulcer.
What is a duodenal ulcer?
This term describes dark, black, tarry stools resulting from blood passing through the GI tract.
What is melena?
This medication is administered to patients with hepatic encephalopathy to trap ammonia in the gut and eliminate it via feces.
What is Lactulose (Cephulac)?
The classic abdominal pain of acute pancreatitis is located in the RUQ or mid-epigastrium and frequently radiates to this location.
What is the back?
Acute Kidney Injury caused by reduced perfusion to the kidneys (e.g., severe dehydration or shock) falls into this category.
What is Prerenal AKI?
This cytoprotective drug works best in a low pH, protects the GI mucosa, and must be given 1 to 2 hours before or after antacids.
What is Sucralfate?
A massive GI bleed is defined as a blood loss greater than this volume.
What is 1,500 mL?
The flapping tremor of the hands seen in metabolic encephalopathy and severe liver failure is called this.
What is asterixis?
Bluish discoloration around the umbilicus indicating retroperitoneal hemorrhage in severe pancreatitis is called this sign.
What is Cullen's sign?
To shift potassium into cells during an emergency treatment for hyperkalemia, this combination of IV medications is administered.
What are IV Regular Insulin and Dextrose (50% Dextrose)?
This complication of PUD is considered the most lethal, presenting with a tense, rigid abdomen.
What is perforation?
During NG tube management for an upper GI bleed, this procedure involves instilling and draining 50 to 100 mL of fluid to assess for bleeding.
What is lavage?
Mechanical compression of bleeding esophageal varices can be achieved using one of these specialized balloon catheters.
What is a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (or Minnesota tube / Linton-Nachlas tube)?
A patient with acute pancreatitis shows signs of tetany. This electrolyte imbalance is responsible for this complication.
What is hypocalcemia?
his form of continuous renal replacement therapy used primarily in ICUs provides continuous blood flow through a hemofilter over several days for hemodynamically unstable patients.
What is CRRT (Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy)?
Following gastric surgery, NGT aspirate should darken and change to yellow-green within this time frame.
What is 36 to 48 hours?
The initial diagnostic and treatment modality of choice for active upper GI bleeding, which should be performed within 24 hours.
What is endoscopy (EGD)?
This non-surgical procedure creates a stent between the hepatic vein and portal vein to relieve portal hypertension and treat refractory ascites.
What is a TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt)?
Skin discoloration showing ecchymosis/bruising on the patient's flanks in acute pancreatitis is known as this sign
What is Grey Turner's sign (or Grey Turner's spots)?
An ECG finding characteristic of life-threatening hyperkalemia in an AKI patient includes this specific alteration to the T wave.
What are peaked T waves?