Airflow Pathway
After passing through the nose, air enters this muscular passageway.
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What is the pharynx?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal quiet breath is called this.
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What is tidal volume (TV)?
Gas exchange occurs primarily in these structures of the lungs.
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What are the alveoli?
The protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen is this.
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What is hemoglobin?
A right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve means hemoglobin has this for oxygen.
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What is decreased oxygen affinity?
The structure responsible for producing sound and protecting the airway is this.
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What is the larynx?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration is called this.
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What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
The movement of gases across the respiratory membrane occurs by this process.
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What is diffusion?
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is called this.
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What is oxyhemoglobin?
An increase in carbon dioxide causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift in this direction.
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What is a right shift?
The small air sacs where gas exchange occurs are called these.
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What are the alveoli?
This lung volume cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry.
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What is the residual volume (RV)?
The cells that produce surfactant in the alveoli are these.
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What are type II pneumocytes?
The molecule in hemoglobin that directly binds oxygen contains this metal.
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What is iron (Fe²⁺)?
A decrease in blood pH causes hemoglobin to release oxygen more easily. This effect is called this.
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What is the Bohr effect?
The bronchial tree becomes progressively smaller as air travels toward these structures.
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What are the bronchioles?
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume is called this.
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What is the vital capacity (VC)?
A decrease in alveolar surface area would reduce this process.
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What is gas exchange?
The amount of oxygen carried in blood depends greatly on this protein concentration.
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What is hemoglobin concentration?
A marathon runner's muscles produce increased CO₂, heat, and acid. What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve?
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What is a right shift?
Place these structures in the correct order:
Bronchioles → Trachea → Alveoli → Bronchi → Pharynx
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What is:
Pharynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli?
A patient exhales forcefully after a normal breath. The additional air expelled represents this volume.
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What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
A patient with emphysema loses alveolar walls. What happens to gas exchange?
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What is decreased due to reduced surface area?
A patient with pulmonary fibrosis has thickened alveolar walls. Which step of oxygen transport is impaired?
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What is diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into blood?
Increased 2,3-BPG causes hemoglobin to have what effect on oxygen?
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What is reduced oxygen affinity and increased oxygen release?