Pulmonary system organization + transport of gases
Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between
Alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure
Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to
increased CO2
The Ureter and Urethra are both connected to the
bladder
Which Starling forces promote filtration from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule?
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (P GC)
- The pressure of the blood pushes fluids and solutes into Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure (pi BC)
- There are no proteins in the Bowman's capsule, so nothing is really pulling water in.
What is the effect of high osmolarity on ADH levels?
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus synapse onto supraoptic nuclei
Increases activity of ADH secretions from the posterior pituitary
Increased water absorption by the kidneys (more aquaporins in collecting duct)
Lower water excretion
What happens if intrapleural pressure is positive?
Lungs recoil and collapse while chest wall recoils and expands → pneumothorax
The gasp reflex is controlled by the
Pontine respiratory group in the pons
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
How does constriction of efferent arterioles affect GFR?
Increases GFR by increasing P GC
What are the 3 inputs to granular cells to trigger Renin release?
decrease in Afferent arteriole pressure
High H+ concentration shifts the O2-Hb curve to the
right
What do pre-Botzinger cells do?
pacemaker cells for inspiration during respiratory activity
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ___, whereas the ascending limp is permeable to ___
Water
Solutes
Is the process of sodium movement from the filtrate to the renal tubule epithelial cell an active or passive?
Passive process!
Na+ moves from tubular fluid to epithelial cells through Na+ channels or cotransporters (with glucose) in a passive process
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by cells in the
atria of the heart
What are the three ways CO2 is transported in the blood?
70% is converted to bicarbonate ion
When Inspiratory motor nerves are activated, expiratory motor nerves are
deactivated
Are most nephrons cortical or juxtamedullary?
Cortical!
AQP-1 is highly expressed in
the proximal tubule of the nephron
This is where most water reabsorption occurs
What is one effect of angiotensin II?
Effect 1: Stimulate aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
Effect 2: Increase MAP by acting as a vasoconstrictor of systemic arterioles
Effect 3: Act in the hypothalamus to stimulate ADH release
Effect 4: Increase thirst
Is hemoglobin synthesized before or after erythrocytes lose their nucleus?
before
When there is low PO2, do the K+ channels of Glomus cells open or close?
close
This leads to
Cell depolarization of Glomus cells. As a result, voltage-gated CA2+ channels open. Nex the glomus cells release neurotransmitters onto sensory neuron. These sensory neurons signal to medullary centers to increase ventilation
What are the two barriers that a reabsorbed substance must cross?
Tubule epithelium
Capillary endothelium
What are the three layers of filtration in the glomerulus?
Capillary endothelium (perforated with fenestrae where plasma flows through)
Basement membrane (Gel-like acellular meshwork of glycoprotein and proteoglycans)
Podocytes
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that stimulates the synthesis of:
Na+/K+ ATPase pumps
Na+ and K+ channels on the apical membrane
Modifiers for existing proteins
Result:
Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion