A
This term describes anything that makes it more difficult for air to move through the airways.
What is lung/airway resistance?
This lung capacity equals tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume.
What is vital capacity?
Amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
Residual volume.
When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the respiratory center responds by doing this to help restore homeostasis.
What is increasing the breathing rate and depth?
This occurs when a person does not breathe adequately, causing carbon dioxide to build up in the blood.
What is hypoventilation?
Surface tension.
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
Tidal Volume.
These receptors in the medulla monitor changes in CO₂ and pH in the cerebrospinal fluid.
What are central chemoreceptors?
Elevated carbon dioxide combines with water to form this acid, which lowers blood pH.
What is carbonic acid?
Irreversible disorder characterized by coughing, wheezing, excessive mucous production and bronchoconstriction
Asthma
How easily lungs expand, reduced by elasticity and surface tension.
Lung Compliance.
Amount of air able to be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
Inspiratory reserve volume.
Located in the pons, this respiratory center helps smooth the transition between inhalation and exhalation.
What is the pontine respiratory group?
Hypoventilation causes blood pH to change in this direction because carbon dioxide accumulates.
What is a decrease in pH (becoming more acidic)?
This chronic respiratory disorder is characterized by excessive mucus production and a persistent productive cough lasting more than 3 months
Chronic Bronchitis.
A method that measures volumes of air moved during inspiration and expiration.
Spirometry
Amount of air able to be exhaled after normal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume.
This area of the medulla contains neurons that generate the basic rhythm of breathing.
What is the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?
During internal respiration, oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues because of differences in this factor.
What is partial pressure (concentration gradient)?
Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli.
Decreased lung elasticity.
Accessory muscles work harder for breathing, exhaustion from extra energy usage
Emphysema.
Patients with COPD often have difficulty performing this phase of breathing because of airway obstruction and loss of elastic recoil.
What is expiration?
This spirometry measurement is the amount (or percentage) of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second and is especially useful for detecting obstructive lung diseases.
What is FEV1?
These receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most important for detecting a significant drop in blood oxygen levels.
What are peripheral chemoreceptors?
This occurs when a person breathes faster or deeper than necessary, causing excessive carbon dioxide to be removed from the blood.
What is hyperventilation?
Always lower than normal HB Saturation levels, LESS O2 AVAILABLE.
Decline in blood O2 stimulates kidneys, accelerates EPO Production.
RBC's numbers increase slowly to provide compensation
Altitude effects of oxygen transport.