fill in the blank
The tiny hairs, called ________, help to filter particles from entering our nasal passage.
cilia
What is the primary purpose of respiration in the body?
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Infants with cystic fibrosis start early with daily manual therapy to loosen mucus. As they age, what is used for ongoing treatment?
The Vest
Coughing is directed by the brainstem which coordinates forced nasal airflow to clear the tract.
False- sneezing
What is the name of the tiny air sacs in our lungs and what is their function?
alveoli- gas exchange, respiration, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
A person begins hiccupping after an involuntary spasm of the ________. This causes the vocal cords to ______ resulting in the "hic" sound.
diaphragm, (quickly) close
The diaphragm drives the breathing cycle. Explain what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation.
inhalation- diaphragm contracts and flattens down which creates increased space for air to fill into lungs
exhalation- diaphragm relaxes and domes up which decreases space, requiring air to be exhaled
True or False-
Infection of the mucous membrane that surrounds the sinus cavities is caused by a virus.
False- it can be caused by bacteria or virus
Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern is characterized by a repeating a cycle of fast breathing followed by slow breathing.
True
Name the substance that lines the alveoli and explain its function
surfactant- which helps to lubricate the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing
My patient experiences difficulty breathing when lying flat in bed and finds it easier to breathe when sitting upright in a reclining chair. If I were documenting in the patient's medical record, I would use the term _____, to be describe this condition.
orthopnea
Explain in detail the process of voluntary breathing. Include any parts of the brain involved and their function.
This happens when your cerebral cortex takes over allowing you to consciously control breathing. However, even when you voluntarily control your breathing, the brainstem is still monitoring your respiration.
What is the most common cause of COPD? Also name another cause excluding secondary diagnoses.
cigarette smoking
occupational exposure often from factory work- environment with harsh chemicals or harmful vapors
Hyperpnea and hyperventilation are the same thing, both meaning excessively fast breathing.
False-
Hyperpnea is common with exertion or while exercising. Hyperventilation is excessively fast breathing, beyond what the body requires.
Name the four sinus cavities and describe or show their location.
Also explain the function of sinuses for our respiratory system.
frontal sinuses- within the forehead above the nasal cavity
ethmoidal sinuses- between the eyes beside the nasal cavity
sphenoidal sinuses- deep within the nasal cavity found on the upper, lateral portion of your face
maxillary sinuses- within the cheekbones below the eyes
sinuses produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity to help moisten air (also assists with sound of voice)
What is the correct respiratory term for each of the following?
low or less is _________
difficult is _________
fast is _________
slow is _________
hypo
dys
tachy
brady
Yawning is controlled by what two regions of the brain?
brainstem and hypothalamus
Acute bronchitis is usually caused by ___________. Chronic bronchitis is usually caused by _______ which results in wheezing, coughing, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath.
a virus,
COPD
External respiration is gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells.
(To receive credit, you must explain why your answer is true or false)
False- between blood and alveoli
Name the first 5 structures that air passes through during inhalation and explain in detail the function(s) of each structure.
Nose- filters (cilia), moistens (mucous), warms (capillaries)
pharynx- passageway for food and air
epiglottis- closes during swallowing to prevent food or liquids into airway
Larynx- voice box for talking
trachea- ringed cartilage creates a sturdy, open passageway to carry air towards lungs
Hiccups are caused by a reflex circuit involving the __________, _____________, and the nerves to the ___________.
brain, spinal cord, diaphragm
Explain the difference between external respiration and internal respiration.
external respiration- gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood (oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled)
internal respiration- gas exchange between the blood and body's tissue cells (oxygen moves from the blood into the tissue cells, carbon dioxide moves from the tissue cells into the blood)
Name at least 3 different facts about emphysema that we learned specifically from our slide presentation.
chronic lung disease, causes alveoli damage, makes breathing difficult, causes reduced respiration, usually caused by cigarette smoking, one of the main conditions associated with COPD
During physical exercise, the lungs lose some of their vital capacity because the respiratory muscles are working harder than they do at rest.
(You must explain why your answer is true or false)
False- During exercise the lungs can maintain the same vital capacity as they do at rest. However, the respiratory rate increases, and breathing becomes faster and deeper to meet the body's increased demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.
Name 6 of the structures of the lower respiratory system and their function
bronchi- split off from the trachea to divide air flow into left and right lung
bronchial tubes- branches off of the bronchi that carry air deeper into the lungs
bronchioles- carries air to the alveoli
alveoli- where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place
lungs- two organs where inhalation and exhalation occurs
pleura- lining of lungs and inside of chest cavity to reduce friction during breathing
mediastinum- open area between lungs for major blood vessels and heart
diaphragm- muscle below ribs, that seperate abdomen from chest that aids in breathing by contracting and relaxing