Endocrine
How do steroid hormones cross the cell membrane?
simple diffusion! (its hydrophobic)
Where does the respiratory zone end?
alveoli
Which WBC fights bacterial infections first?
neutrophils
What organ is first to receive blood in mammals? Is this the same for fish?
Heart is the first to receive blood in mammals. It’s the last in fish
What is our natural pacemaker?
What cells secrete glucagon? which secrete insulin?
alpha = glucagon
beta = insulin
What cells perform gas exchange?
What causes red blood cells to bend like a sickle amongst people with sickle cell disease?
hemoglobin-S
Do arteries have valves? Explain why
No! But some veins do in order to overcome gravity and prevent backflow
Explain why does a plateau occur during myocardial potential?
This is to prevent tetanus!
What part of the adrenal gland produces steroid hormones?
adrenal cortex! (glucocorticoids; cortisol & mineralocorticoids; ALD)
What is the function of surfactants?
reduce the surface tension of water (b/c water likes to stick to each other!)
Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase.
Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction of CO2 and H20 --> H2C03 (to become bicarbonate)
What structure divides the atria and ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out per heartbeat.
The healthier you are, the higher stroke volume you have with a lower heart rate.
FLAT PG-M
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH, MSH
pneumotaxic center = adjusts rhythm of respiration (how fast we breathe)
apneustic center = control depth of breaths
Explain the steps of hemostasis.
Which aortic sinus leads to nowhere
posterior aortic sinus
(non-coronary sinus)
Explain what is contracting during each phase of an ECG? (P, QRS, T)
P = atrial contracts
QRS = ventricles contract
T = ventricles relax