Transcription
What does Thymine (T) get replaced with in transcription?
... Uracil (U)!
What cell structure does translation happen in?
RIBOSOME! (protein making factory, the bussiness, the factories etc.)
Where does transcription occur, where does translation occur?
Transcription = nucleus
Translation = ribosome
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
What is the term for different forms of a gene?
ALLELES
What is the term for the DNA strand that is used as the template during transcription?
Template Strand!!!
What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
SECRET DAILY DOUBLE
tRNA (TRANSFER RNA)
If there is a mess up in a protein's structure, what else will be affected?
IT'S FUNCTION!!!!
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ALWAYS GO TOGETHER! WHETHER WE ARE TALKING ABOUT PROTEINS, ORGANS, CELL STRUCTURE, ANIMALS, ETC.!
STRUCTURE IMPACTS FUNCTION :)
Do all mutations cause harmful effects?
No some are neutral (no change) or even beneficial...
Lactase production is a mutation! Do your homework to find out more!!!
this is not a secret daily double, BUT YOU GET AN EXTRA 100!!! what?!? crazy!
If an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, it is called what?
HOMOZYGOUS
In what part of the cell does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus!!! (control center of cell, the town hall, etc.)
What three-letter sequence on mRNA codes for one amino acid?
CODON
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
What does RNA polymerase do?
Unzips the DNA and makes the complementary mRNA strand.
If a mutation changes a DNA sequence, which process is directly affected first: transcription or translation?
TRANSCRIPTION
If an organism has two different alleles for a trait what is it called?
HETEROZYGOUS
What type of RNA is being made during transcription?
MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
What are the building blocks of DNA?
AMINO ACIDS
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
What could a single change in the DNA sequence end up doing?
Change the mRNA sequence, then the amino acid chain, then the protein! It could end up being a different protein all together, could have a different structure, end up being shorter than normal if there was an early stop codon...
MUTATIONS
If a mutation creates an early stop codon, what will likely happen to the protein?
It would be shorter than normal, so will function differently.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION BABAAAAM
What is the definition of genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic makeup, the alleles, Aa
Phenotype = physical appearnace, what the trait looks like, brown eyes
What is the name of the enzyme that builds an mRNA strand during transcription? HINT! It unzips the DNA
RNA Polymerase
What type of bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis? HINT Multiple amino acids in a row
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN!!!!
oh my gosh it is a secret daily double
A DNA template strand reads: TAC-AAA-TAC
you must do TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION.
mRNA = AUG-UUU-AUG
polypeptide chain = Met – Phe – Met
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
Why can a mutation in DNA sometimes have no effect on the final protein?
Because multiple codons code for the same amino acid!
DAILY DOUBLE
There are two parents that have a dominant PHENOTYPE. They have a child that has a recessive PHENOTYPE. Based on their PHENOTYPES, what can you say about their GENOTYPES. You need to give me both parents genotypes and the childs genotype.
parents: Hh and Hh (heterozygous)
since you get one allele from each parent, and the child is recessive, we have to assume they each have the recessive allele. you only see the recessive phenotype when there is no dominant allele to mask it. Soooo....
child: hh (homozygous recessive)