The fortified border of the Roman Empire, along the Rhine and the Danube
200
Which emperor divided the Empire between his two sons in 395?
Theodosius
200
Which people from Asia pushed the Germanic peoples into the Empire, around 375?
The Huns
200
Which emperor ruled with Theodora and wanted to reunify the Roman Empire?
Justinian
200
What is the Hegira, and in which year did it happen?
Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina, in 622. It is year 1 of the Muslim calendar
200
What does basileus mean?
The Greek title of the Byzantine emperor
300
Name two problems of the 3rd-century crisis.
About 25 emperors in 50 years and civil wars; taxes and prices went up, trade fell and cities became poorer
300
What was the agreement of the foederati?
The Germanic peoples received land inside the Empire and in exchange their warriors defended it
300
What happened in 1054?
The Great Schism: the pope of Rome and the patriarch of Constantinople broke with each other, and the Church split into Catholic and Orthodox
300
Name three of the Five Pillars.
Believe in one God and his prophet · pray five times a day facing Mecca · give money to the poor · fast during Ramadan · visit Mecca once in your life
300
What happened in 410?
The Visigoths, led by Alaric, sacked Rome for three days
400
What are the three stages of the Middle Ages, and their centuries?
Early 5th–10th · High 11th–13th · Late 14th–15th
400
Who deposed the last Western emperor in 476, and what was that emperor called?
Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus
400
Name two features of Byzantine art.
Mosaics and icons with gold backgrounds, flat bright colours and rigid front-facing figures; big domes on pendentives; the Greek-cross plan
400
What are the medina and the souk?
The medina is the old walled centre, with narrow streets and the main mosque; the souk is the market, next to the mosque
400
What is the mihrab?
The niche in a mosque that points to Mecca
500
Who gave the Middle Ages their name, and why was it an insult?
The Renaissance humanists. For them it was an unimportant period "in the middle", between Greece and Rome and their own time
500
Name three Germanic kingdoms and where each one settled.
Ostrogoths–Italy · Visigoths–Gaul, then Hispania · Suebi–Gallaecia · Franks–Gaul · Anglo-Saxons–Britain · Vandals–North Africa
500
Why did the Eastern Empire survive and the Western one did not?
The East had more cities and more trade, so the emperor had money to pay a strong army
500
Give two reasons why the Muslim expansion was so fast.
Byzantium and Persia were exhausted after centuries of war and Muslim soldiers were very motivated; and taxes went down, and Christians and Jews could keep their religion by paying a special tax
500
Say what happened in 395, 476 and 1453.
395 the Empire is divided · 476 the Western Roman Empire falls and the Middle Ages begin · 1453 Constantinople falls and the Middle Ages end