Renal Tubular Physiology
This cotransporter in the thick ascending limb is the target of loop diuretics.
What is the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2)?
This adrenal cortex zone secretes aldosterone.
What is the zona glomerulosa?
This is the cause of the high anion gap metabolic acidosis seen in DKA.
What is increased ketoacid production?
This is the pump inhibited by digoxin, leading to increased intracellular Na+ and, ultimately, increased contractility.
What is the Na+-K+ ATPase?
This is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in elderly males.
What is renal artery stenosis (from atherosclerosis)?
This nephron segment normally reabsorbs 65-80% of filtered Na+, the largest fraction of any segment.
What is the early proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
This diagnosis fits a patient with hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, elevated aldosterone, and LOW renin.
What is primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)?
This must always be co-administered with IV regular insulin when treating hyperkalemia, to prevent hypoglycemia.
What is glucose (dextrose)?
This drug subclass, unlike dihydropyridine CCBs, does not cause reflex tachycardia because it acts directly on cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels.
What are non-dihydropyridine CCBs (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem)?
This diagnosis fits a young female with hypertension and a "string of beads" appearance on renal artery imaging.
What is fibromuscular dysplasia?
This is what's happening when a patient's [TF/P] inulin ratio rises progressively along the PCT, since inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
What is water reabsorption (concentrating the tubular fluid)?
High levels of this hormone are seen in secondary hyperaldosteronism, as caused by conditions like renal artery stenosis or heart failure.
What is renin?
This is the mechanism behind a newly diagnosed T1DM patient having elevated serum potassium despite total-body K+ depletion.
What is insulin deficiency preventing K+ from shifting into cells?
This electrolyte disturbance predisposes a patient on digoxin to toxicity, because it competes with digoxin for the same Na+-K+ ATPase binding site.
What is hypokalemia?
This term describes severely elevated blood pressure (≥180/≥120 mmHg) with acute end-organ damage, distinguishing it from urgency.
What is hypertensive emergency?
This is the approximate plasma glucose level (in mg/dL) at which glucosuria typically begins to appear in adults.
What is 200 mg/dL?
This condition can develop in untreated CKD after prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism, featuring autonomous PTH secretion with elevated PTH, phosphate, AND calcium.
What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
This is the most feared adverse effect of metformin, especially in renal insufficiency.
What is lactic acidosis?
This ECG finding, a combination of digoxin's effect and hyperkalemia, appears as a result of chronic digoxin use.
What is a biphasic T wave?
This is the correct first drug class to administer in Stanford type B aortic dissection, before adding a vasodilator.
What is a β-blocker?
This term describes the gradual, rather than sharp, saturation of the glucose titration curve, caused by nephron heterogeneity in reaching transport maximum.
What is splay?
This tumor-secreted hormone explains hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia with a suppressed PTH in a patient with squamous cell lung carcinoma.
What is PTH-related peptide (PTHrP)?
This single underlying pathologic process, driven by chronic hyperglycemia, causes both Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules and hyaline arteriolosclerosis in the diabetic kidney.
What is non-enzymatic glycation?
This enzyme is inhibited by milrinone, increasing cAMP to simultaneously boost cardiac contractility and cause vasodilation.
What is phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3)?
This toxic byproduct of nitroprusside metabolism can accumulate with prolonged use or renal/hepatic impairment.
What is cyanide?