Rhetoric IRL
A TikTok creator tells viewers, “As a licensed dermatologist, I've treated thousands of patients with acne.” The creator is primarily using this rhetorical appeal.
In academic writing, “They Say” refers to this.
What are the ideas, arguments, or views of others that you are responding to?
These three letters describe the type of technology behind systems such as ChatGPT.
LLM
For your annotated bibliography assignment, you need this many academic sources.
5-7
This sentence usually appears near the beginning of an academic essay and presents the paper's central argument.
Thesis Statement
An advertisement shows heartbreaking images of abandoned animals while sad music plays and asks viewers to donate. This appeal is doing most of the persuasive work.
Pathos
According to They Say / I Say, an argument needs more than a writer's own opinion. Writers should indicate not only what their thesis is but also this.
What is the larger conversation their thesis is responding to?
According to Hicks, Humphries, and Slater, an LLM primarily produces text by estimating this.
Likelihood and Probability
This paragraph of each annotation explains the source's main ideas, arguments, or findings.
Summary Paragraph
TRUE OR FALSE:
“Social media has changed society” is automatically a strong thesis because it tells the reader the topic of the essay.
False
A company claims its new app increases productivity by 35% and cites a research study to prove it. This rhetorical appeal relies on evidence and reasoning.
Logos
When writing a summary, you temporarily suspend your own opinions and attempt to see an argument from the author's perspective. The textbook calls this move by the name of a children's game.
The Believing Game
The authors reject this popular term for false information generated by an AI because they argue it misleadingly suggests that the system is attempting to represent something it “sees.”
AI Hallucination
Asking who the author is, what their credentials are, where the work was published, and whether the evidence is convincing belongs in this part of an annotation.
Evaluation paragraph
This citation style is used primarily in the liberal arts and humanities.
MLA
A cybersecurity company launches an advertisement about protecting personal information immediately after a massive national data breach. The timing makes this appeal especially important.
Kairos
A student summarizes an article this way:
“First, the author says social media is dangerous. Then she talks about teenagers. Then she discusses anxiety. Also, she discusses depression. And then…”
They Say / I Say warns against this ineffective type of summary
List Summary
According to the article, this type of “bullshit” requires only a lack of concern for whether an utterance is true.
Soft Bullshit
A student summarizes an article and proves that the author is credible—but never explains how the source will help their research paper. Their annotation is missing this third component.
Reflection Paragraph
In MLA, when a source has three or more authors, the first author's name is normally followed by this abbreviation.
et al.
In Backpacks vs. Briefcases, Laura Bolin Carroll argues that people constantly make quick judgments about people, situations, and media. Learning to slow down and examine how messages persuade us is the basis of this practice.
Rhetorical Analysis
In They Say, I Say, the term "they say" refers to this
The ideas or arguments of other people
Why do the authors think the metaphor we use to describe AI errors matters?
Impacts our understanding of technology
You find an article that strongly agrees with your thesis, but the author has no relevant credentials, provides no evidence, and publishes on an unknown personal website. According to the research assignment, agreeing with your argument is not enough. You still need to evaluate this.
Credability/reliability
You realize that your essay's third body paragraph doesn't actually support your thesis, so you rewrite and reorganize it. You are primarily doing this—not proofreading.
Revising