Biology
This "self-eating" cellular process degrades damaged organelles and proteins by engulfing them in a double-membraned vesicle that fuses with a lysosome.
What is autophagy?
Magnesium (Mg)
Which element has the electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Computers speak in this two-digit numbering system.
What is binary?
9.8 m/s²
What is acceleration due to gravity at free fall?
Rock formed from cooled magma or lava, like granite or basalt.
What is igneous rock?
During DNA replication, this enzyme relieves the torsional strain building up ahead of the replication fork by cutting and rejoining the DNA backbone.
What is topoisomerase?
Unlike stoichiometric coefficients, the exponents in this experimentally determined expression describe how reaction rate depends on reactant concentration.
What is the rate law?
A way of writing computer code by grouping data and actions together into self-contained units called objects
What is object orientated programming
Conserved in any system with no external torque, this rotational analog of linear momentum equals a body's moment of inertia times its angular velocity.
What is angular momentum?
This theory explains how Earth's crustal plates drift and collide over millions of years.
What is plate tectonics?
This Nobel-winning technique uses a heat-stable polymerase, originally isolated from a bacterium living in hot springs, to exponentially amplify a target DNA sequence in vitro.
What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
This effect describes how adding a soluble salt that shares an ion with a slightly soluble salt actually decreases the latter's solubility.
What is the common-ion effect?
This decision problem asks whether some assignment of true/false to variables can satisfy a given Boolean formula — the first problem proven NP-complete, via the Cook–Levin theorem.
What is the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT)?
This 1905 theory rests on two postulates: the laws of physics are identical in all inertial reference frames, and the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for every observer.
Special Theory of Relativity
Just below the lithosphere, this hot, slow-flowing layer makes up most of Earth's volume
What is the mantle?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1, this term represents the expected frequency of heterozygotes in a population at genetic equilibrium.
What is 2pq?
Its purpose is to form carbon-carbon bonds to build larger organic molecules.
It is a reaction between a nucleophile and an electrophile.
(CH3MgBr) Methyl magnesium bromide is a widely used Grignard reagent.
What is a Grignard reaction/what is it's purpose and name one common reagent for it
Claude Shannon's 1948 paper of this name founded a field that quantifies information using the bit and introduced the concept of channel capacity.
What is "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" (information theory)?
Below a critical temperature, electrons in certain materials form these bound pairs, allowing electrical current to flow with exactly zero resistance.
What are Cooper pairs (giving rise to superconductivity)?
This radiometric dating method relies on the decay of a potassium isotope, with a half-life of about 1.25 billion years, into an inert gas — useful for dating very old volcanic rock.
What is potassium-argon dating?
This class of ~21–23 nucleotide RNAs silences gene expression after transcription by guiding the RISC complex to bind complementary mRNA.
What are microRNAs (miRNAs)?
This spectroscopic technique exploits the magnetic behavior of nuclei like hydrogen-1 or carbon-13 in a strong external field to map out a molecule's structure.
What is NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy?
A programming language type system that lets you mix static typing (checking types before running code) and dynamic typing (checking types while code runs) within the same program
What is Gradual Typing?
This partial differential equation, central to quantum mechanics, describes how a physical system's wavefunction evolves over time.
What is the Schrödinger equation?
This period ended ~66 million years ago with the asteroid impact that killed the non-avian dinosaurs.
What is the Cretaceous period?