Evolution
What is the raw material of evolution?
mutation
What is the start codon sequence?
AUG
What level of protein structure involves bonds between R groups and/or bonds between R groups and the backbone?
tertiary
Nutrients ____ while energy ____
cycle, flow
Compare and contrast kinases from phosphates.
kinases add a phosphate, phosphates remove a phosphate
What are the two major domains in the current tree of life model?
bacteria/prokarya and archaea
Transcription starts at the ______ and ends at the _______.
promoter, terminator
At colder temperatures, membranes tend to have a _______ % of unsaturated fatty acids.
greater
What is a stack of thylakoids called in a chloroplast?
granum
What is the name of the graph that first tracked levels of atmospheric CO2 long term?
Keeling Curve
What was the name for the theory of inheritance Mendel dispelled? And what was the name of Mendel’s correct theory?
blending theory, particulate inheritance theory
How do chromosomes align during metaphase of Mitosis?
single file, not paired with homolog
What are the four major types of interactions that occur at the tertiary structure level?
hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds
For any trophic level, what is the equation for net production?
gross production - cell respiration
What are the three main signaling mechanisms as discussed in class?
endocrine, paracrine, synaptic signaling
Name the 4 requirements for life
avoid decay and disorder, closed system, molecule to carry genetic information, evolves by natural selection
Provide two examples of fidelity in the structure of DNA.
four bases allow for simplicity of code, bass are protected by helix inside, template strand allows for copying/correcting mistakes
What do parietal cells do in the digestive system?
create acidic environment in stomach
Catabolic processes _____ ATP while anabolic processes _____ ATP
produce, hydrolyze/use
At what times would we expect plasma glucagon concentrations to be the highest?
long after a meal/right before next meal
List the 5 conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium
no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, no gene flow
What are the two important sites on a tRNA molecule?
anticodon and amino acid attachment site
What are the two major domains of a hox protein?
transcriptional regulation domain, dna binding domain
Provide an example of mineralization
breathing out CO2, urination, others
Why is too little/too much disturbance to an environment detrimental to species diversity?
with too little disturbance, superior competitors dominate and exclude other species, with too much disturbance, few species survive