Anatomy
which artery supplies the posterior portion of the kidney
posterior segmental artery
What is glomerulonephritis
Refers to inflammation of the glomeruli
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Nephritic
name of the perforations in the glomerular capillary endothelium
fenestrae
Explain how pressure is generated in the glomerulus in relation to arterioles
The afferent arteriole (at the proximal glomerulus) dilates, while the efferent arteriole (at the distal glomerulus) constricts. This creates a pressure gradient throughout the glomerulus, causing filtration under pressure.
Anterior borders of the left kidney
Splenic flexure of the colon
Body of the pancreas (and splenic vessels)
Left suprarenal gland
Medial surface of the spleen
Posterior surface of the gastric fundus
*part of stomach bed
symptoms of glomerulonephritis
Proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia and Oedema.
Nephrotic syndrome
layers of the glomerular basement membrane surrounding the capillary endothelium
(describe or name)
Filtration of which structure is normally blocked by fenestrations in the glomerular capillaries?
RBC
between which vertebral levels do the kidneys lie
T12-L3
histologically how would rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis present
glomerular crescents
(crescentic glomerulonephritis)
presents as acute kidney injury
nephritic
-
Histology
label both of the blank squares
PCT
DCT
what type of cells are macula densa and what do they do
chemoreceptors
help balance the sodium and chloride ion levels passing through the glomerulus
What are the divisions of the anterior branch of the renal artery
four branches: apical segmental artery (ASA), Upper segmental artery (USA), middle segmental artery (MSA), lower segmental artery (LSA)
What can nephrotic syndrome predispose patients to
Thrombosis, hypertension and high cholesterol.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- may be idiopathic or secondary to HIV
nephrotic
- a disease in which scar tissue develops on the glomeruli, the small parts of the kidneys that filter waste from the blood
Specialised epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule which form the visceral layer of the capsule
podocytes
What is the relationship between the molecular weight of molecules and their filtration rate into the Bowman’s capsule of the kidney?
Filtration rate of molecules is inversely proportional to the molecular weight
which spinal cord segment innervates the kidneys
T8 - L1
most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
The typical patient is in their 20s presenting with haematuria. Histology shows IgA deposits and mesangial proliferation.
(The mesangial cells are found in the centre of the glomerulus and help support the capillaries)
Post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis
both
tends to affect people under 30, 1-3 weeks after a strep infection: eg tonsillitis
what is the glomerular filtration rate
Total volume of plasma per unit time leaving the capillaries and entering the Bowman's capsule
Which component of the glomerular basement membrane primarily restricts movement of negatively charged molecules?
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans