Supertaster
True or false? We have a taste map on our tongue; bitter is only sensed by tastebuds at the back of the tongue and throat
False
Name at least 1 common airborne pollutant we're exposed to regularly.
1. Particulate Matter (e.g. dirt, dust, smoke)
2. Pet dander
3. Pollen
4. Mold
5. Lead
6. Volatile Organic Compounds (e.g. paint stripper, pesticides, aerosol sprays)
7. Carbon Monoxide
8. Ozone
9. Nitrogen Dioxide
10. Sulfur Dioxide
What's the difference between a "sound" and a "sound wave"?
A sound wave is the acoustic energy, and a sound is our perception of that energy
This is the process of converting chemical or physical energy into electrical energy to be processed by the brain
Transduction
What does apoptosis mean?
cell death
This type of papillae does not have tastebuds, so contributes little to no information about taste perception
Filiform
Name 1 cause of Anosmia
Loss of olfactory nerve (e.g. blunt force trauma)
Some chemical compounds and antibiotics can kill all olfactory neurons at once (e.g. toxic industrial chemicals, nasal sprays w/zinc sulfate, heavy metals, chemo-drugs)
Inflammatory responses from infections, illnesses, or allergies
Apoptosis
What are the physical and psychological factors of sound?
Physical- frequency & amplitude
Psychological- pitch, loudness, and timbre
What are the 3 cranial nerves that pass on sensory information about taste to the brain?
CN 7 (Facial), CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal), & CN 10 (Vagus)
Name 1 cause of hypogeusia or ageusia
Infection
Nerve Damage
Medications (e.g. chemo, antibiotics, BP)
Oral Health (e.g. gum disease and dry mouth)
Nutritional Deficiencies (Zinc & Vitamin B-12)
Name the 5 basic tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
This specific part of the nasal cavity contains your bipolar sensory neurons/olfactory receptor neurons.
Epithelium
What are the 2 main types of hearing loss? Explain where damage is occurring in both.
1. Conduction loss (damage to outer or middle ear)
2. Sensory/Neural Loss (damage to inner ear or auditory pathway in brain)
What is the purpose/function of the outer, middle, and inner ear?
Outer- Funnel sound waves
Middle- Amplify sound waves
Inner- Transduction
Why can humans not scent most pheromones?
We don't have a Vomeronasal Organ (VNO, or "Jacobson's organ")
Which of the following is NOT a reason our ability to perceive taste decline with age?
a) our number of tastebuds decline with age
b) our saliva gets thicker, and blocks the tastebuds
c) we have less saliva as we age
b) our saliva gets thicker, and blocks the tastebuds
What affects how far a scent can travel?
Chemical properties (i.e. what the scent is, how big the particle matter is), human perception (how far we can smell in optimal conditions; if we have any hyposmia), weather
Name the parts of the inner, middle, and outer ear.
Inner- Cochlea & Organ of Corti
Middle- Ear bones (Malleus, Incus, and Stapes)
Outer- Pinna, Ear Canal, Tympanic Membrane (i.e. Ear Drum)
The olfactory system is the only sensory system that bypasses what part of the brain?
The Thalamus
Aenesdris eats a savory dinner, and is full. However, afterwards he craves a sweet dessert. What is Aenesdris experiencing?
Sensory specific satiety (SSS)
Explain how blood sugar affects appetite
Low blood sugar causes cravings or hunger; Appetite regulation via inhibition of nucleus of the solitary tract
Why is smell so strongly associated with memory and emotions?
It projects to the hypothalamus
What are the 2 types of binaural cues we used in sound localization (explain what they are also)?
Interaural time difference- difference in when sound reaches the left vs right ear (using azmith/horizontal plane)
Interaural level/intensity difference- difference in intensity or level of sound between right and left ear
Explain the auditory pathway to the brain once transduction has occurred.
CN 8- Cochlear Nerve > Superior Olivary Nucleus > Inferior Colliculus, Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) > Auditory Cortex
Explain why high frequency sounds are lost first from presbycusia.
Damage to hair cells at the stiff, narrow end of the basilar membrane where high frequency sound waves are transduced occurs first