Transcription & Translation Tell-All
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins is known as the ______________.
central dogma
Homeostasis is accomplished by __________ feedback mechanisms.
negative
Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?
Neurohormones
The light-independent stage of photosynthesis is called the _______________.
Calvin cycle
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In ribonucleic acid, adenine pairs with which base?
Uracil
True or false: Homeostasis is a steady state
False, it is a dynamic process continuously adjusted in response to internal and external environmental changes.
Name at least one hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. To double the points of the question, name both.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce a single molecule of G3P?
3
What is the goal of PCR?
Amplification
tRNA transfers __________________ to the ribosome to synthesize proteins
amino acids
What hormone is released to raise blood sugar levels in response to low blood glucose?
Glucagon
What is the function of endorphins?
To inhibit the perception of pain.
What molecule fixes CO2 into organic compounds in the Calvin Cycle?
Rubisco
What are the three main steps of a PCR cycle in the correct order?
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
Where in the cell does eukaryotic transcription occur?
Nucleus
Fight or flight reactions, during which adrenaline and hormones are released into the blood to stimulate their further release, is an example of ____________ feedback
Positive, the system becomes unstable due to increased adrenaline and hormones in the bloodstream.
Which pituitary gland produces its own hormones?
Anterior pituitary gland
The thylakoid membrane is the site where _______________ reactions occur.
Light-dependent
Which enzyme is widely used in PCR to amplify DNA? To double the points of this question, explain why this specific enzyme is used over others.
Taq polymerase; it is temperature stable and won't be easily denatured at the temperatures required by PCR, as one of its properties is heat resistance.
Tip: Taq polymerase comes from the Thermus aquaticus bacteria, which can withstand high temperatyres
What is the name of the site found within the promoter of eukaryotes at which RNA polymerase binds? To double the points of this question, explain why the structure of this site is favoured over a hypothetical site composed of the other two bases!
TATA box
It would be less energy efficient if guanine and cytosine were the components as they share three bonds compared to adenine and thymine, which share two.
The brain is an example of what type of component in a negative feedback loop which maintains homeostasis?
The control centre (integrator)
Why is the pituitary gland often called the "master gland"?
Because it produces hormones that control the majority of the other endocrine glands.
Photosynthesis occurs in ___________, whereas cellular respiration occurs in _____________.
chloroplasts, mitochondria
What is the purpose of MgCl2 in PCR?
To ensure proper enzymatic activity of the DNA polymerase (Taq), magnesium ions *stabilize* the interaction between the polymerase and the DNA template to allow for proper primer annealing and synthesis