Lab Skills & Scientific Method
What directing words should you use when crafting a good hypothesis?
What is "If… then… because…"?
Is ice melting considered a physical change or a chemical change?
What is a physical change?
Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element?
What is the proton?
What do we call a positively charged ion, and how is it formed?
What is a cation, formed when a metal atom loses one or more valence electrons
State the number of significant digits in 0.00340 kg
What is 3 significant digits? (The leading zeros do not count, but the trailing zero after the decimal does)
In an experiment, this is the single factor that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter.
What is the manipulated variable (or independent variable)?
Name two observable signs that a chemical reaction has taken place.
What are: production of a new substance, color change, gas formation (bubbles), formation of a precipitate (solid), or heat/light released/absorbed?
What are the names given to the horizontal rows and vertical columns on the Periodic Table?
What are periods (rows) and groups/families (columns)?
How many electrons can occupy the first three energy levels in a Bohr diagram?
What is 2 in the first level, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third (2, 8, 8)?
Distinguish between accuracy and precision in scientific measurement.
What is: Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true/accepted value; Precision is the exactness/repeatability of a measurement.
On a standard science graph, which variables belong on the X-axis and Y-axis, respectively?
What are the manipulated variable (X-axis) and the responding variable (Y-axis)?
Define the physical properties known as malleability and ductility.
What are the ability to be beaten/rolled into sheets (malleability) and the ability to be drawn into a wire (ductility)?
Name the specific group names for Group 1, Group 17, and Group 18 elements.
What are Alkali Metals (Group 1), Halogens (Group 17), and Noble Gases (Group 18)?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a neutral atom of Carbon-14?
What are 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
Solve and round to the correct number of significant digits: 42.3g + 16.452g
What is 58.8g? (Rounded to 1 decimal place).
Identify the manipulated variable, responding variable, and one controlled variable in a study testing "Amount of Sleep and Grades in School."
What are: Manipulated = Amount of sleep; Responding = Grades/academic performance; Controlled = Same tests taken, same school/class, or same grade level?
What type of mixture looks uniform throughout because one substance is completely dissolved in another (such as a soft drink)?
What is a solution (or homogeneous mixture)?
List three distinct physical or chemical properties that distinguish metals on the left side of the staircase from non-metals on the right side.
What are: Metals are shiny/malleable/good conductors/high density, whereas Non-metals are dull/brittle/poor conductors/come in all states at SATP?
What is the Octet Rule, and why are Noble Gases so chemically unreactive?
What is the principle that atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to get 8 valence electrons; Noble Gases are unreactive because their outer shell is already full?
Express $86,000,000,000$ in proper scientific notation with 3 significant digits.
What is 8.60* 1010?
What three core practices must you avoid regarding academic integrity, research credibility, and AI usage according to your course survival guide?
What are: 1) Stealing ideas/writing without attribution (plagiarism), 2) Using non-credible sites, and 3) Submitting AI/ChatGPT output as your own work?
Identify the ancient metal-working process that involves heating copper before hammering it to strengthen it, and name the alloy formed by combining copper and tin.
What are annealing and bronze?
Name the atomic model proposed by J.J. Thomson and the experiment/finding Ernest Rutherford used to discover the atomic nucleus.
What are the "Raisin Bun" (or Plum Pudding) model (Thomson) and the Gold Foil experiment / dense positive center discovery (Rutherford)?
A particle has 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 18 electrons. State its symbol, charge, and whether it is an atom or an ion.
What is P3-, with a 3- charge, and it is a phosphide anion (ion)?
State the total number of individual atoms present in one formula unit of aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3.
What is 17 atoms? (2Al + 3S + 12O).