The Structure of Matter I
The Structure of Matter II
States of Matter
Reactions I
Reactions II
100
The name of the law which states that the total pressure of a gas mixture = the sum of their pressures.
What is the law of partial pressures?
100
The British chemist who identified hydrogen as an element.
Who is Henry Cavendish?
He identified that it was produced by dissolving a metal in acid, and called it flammable air, or phlogiston.
Antoine Lavosier would later call it hydrogen.
100
Describe Boyle's Law.
P (pressure) x V (volume) = C
Increasing the pressure of a trapped gas will decrease its volume.
100
The goal of many alchemists.
What is transmutation (turning less valuable substances into more valuable ones)?
ex: lead to gold
100
The definition of spectator ions.
Ions in a precipitation reaction that do not form precipitates but remain in the solution.
200
The definition of a polar bond.
When two atoms share electrons unequally. One will be negatively charged and one will be positively charged (δ+ and δ–).
200
The definition of ionization energy and its trend across the periodic table.
What is the energy required to remove an outer electron from an atom?
Ionization increases up/right and decreases down/left.
200
The difference between diffusion and effusion.
Diffusion: how fast a gas will leave a container with a wide opening
Effusion: how fast a gas will leave a containter with a small opening
200
Definition of a titration.
The process in which acids and bases are mixed together and the pH is measured as the different amounts react.
200
What a, b, and sp mean in Ka, Kb and Ksp.
The lower a and b are, the weaker the acid/base.
The lower sp is, the less soluble the compound.
300
What VSEPR stands for (and what it's used for).
What is Valence Shell Electron Repulsion Theory?
It's used to predict the geometric shapes of molecules.
300
The physicist who bombarded nitrogen atoms with alpha particles to create oxygen atoms.
(bragging rights for the year)
Who is Ernest Rutherford?
1919
300
The theory in which four assumptions are made about ideal gases. (an example is below)
Gas pressure is a result of the gas molecules colliding with the container walls. No energy is lost during these collisions, but the molecules change direction.
What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
300
Luigi Galvani's hypothesis regarding electricity.
Galvani hung dissected frogs on metal hooks and realized they would twitch when touched with another piece of metal.
He believed it was a result of “animal electricity,” electricity from within the frogs.
300
The difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Endothermic: absorb heat
Exothermic: release heat
400
What oxidation states are.
What are numbers representing how many electrons an atom has lost/gained to form an ion/bond?
400
The definition of a dipole moment.
What is a measurement of the separation of two opposite electrical charges?
EN Differences Key
Nonpolar covalent: <0.5
Polar covalent: 0.5<x<1.8
Ionic: >1.8
400
What Avogadro's number is and what it means.
6.022 x 10^23.
The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
400
Describe latent heat and who discovered it.
Joseph Black
The heat added or lost when a substance changes its state.
Heat of fusion: melting/freezing
Heat of vaporization: vaporizing/condensing
400
Describe Hess' Law.
The heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical process is the same whether the process takes place in one or several steps.
500
The difference between beta plus and beta minus decay.
Beta minus decay: the atom loses a neutron and gains a proton.
Beta plus (positron) decay: the atom gains a neutron and loses a proton
500
What sigma and pi bonds are. (and the difference between the two).
What are types of orbital overlap that form new moleular orbitals?
Sigma: the new MO is on an imaginary center line connecting the atoms (think horizontally)
Pi: the MO is away from the center line (think horizontally but different)
500
Define molarity and molality.
Molarity: the moles of solute in 1 liter (exactly) of solution
Molality: the moles of solute in 1 kilogram of solvent
500
A spontaneous reaction, according to Gibbs Free Energy (∆G = ∆H – TΔS).
When ∆H is negative and ∆H is positive.
500
Some modern uses of electroplating.
-To make shiny parts on appliances and automobiles (chrome plating)
- Plating with chromium provides hardness, corrosion and wear resistance in aerospace, and enhances the appearance of cars
- Gold plating in aerospace protects parts from reacting with any other chemical substances on Earth or in outer space
-Gold also reflects solar radiation