Cells & Systems
What is the organelle found only in plant cells that traps sunlight to perform photosynthesis?
chloroplast
Name the three physical states of matter.
solid, liquid, and gas
What gas makes up approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What property causes light rays to bend when moving from one medium to another of different density (e.g., air into water)?
Refraction.
Name the three main layers of Earth's internal structure from outermost to innermost.
Crust, Mantle, and Core.
Arrange the levels of cellular organization in the correct ascending order: Organ, Cell, System, Tissue, Organism.
Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism
What is the process called when a solid changes directly into a gas without turning into a liquid first?
sublimation
What are the three components required to form the "Fire Triangle"?
Oxygen, fuel, and heat.
State the Law of Reflection regarding the angle of incidence (i) and angle of reflection (r).
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (i = r).
What type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava?
Igneous rocks.
State one main difference between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism, and give one example of a unicellular plant-like organism.
Unicellular organism consists of only one single cell, whereas a multicellular organism is made of more than one cell.
Example is Chlamydomonas/Euglena
Calculate the density of a wooden block that has a mass of 120g and a volume of 150cm3?
Density = Mass(g)/Volume(cm3)
The answer is 0.8g/cm3
Name the group of elements in the Periodic Table that conduct heat and electricity, are malleable, and have shiny surfaces.
Metals.
Which primary colors of light combine to produce white light?
Red, Green, and Blue.
Name the four main spheres that make up the Earth's system.
Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, and Biosphere.
Which specific blood cells are responsible for destroying pathogens and producing antibodies?
White blood cells (leukocytes)
State the movement and arrangement of particles in a liquid state.
Movement particles = vibrate in a fixed position
Arrangement particles = very close and orderly arranged
Differentiate between a mixture and a compound in terms of chemical bonding.
Compound is chemically combined (hard to separate), whereas a mixture is physically combined (easily separated).
What optical instrument uses two plane mirrors angled at 45° to view objects above an obstacle (e.g., inside a submarine)?
Periscope.
What is the difference between exogenic processes and endogenic processes?
Exogenic processes occur on Earth's surface (e.g., weathering, erosion, raining), while endogenic processes occur inside Earth (e.g., mantle convection, magma activity and earth's crust movement (plates tectonic).
Why do root hair cells lack chloroplasts even though they are plant cells
It is because they are underground where there is no sunlight, so photosynthesis cannot occur.
A block of ice floats on water, but a steel screw sinks. Explain how a massive ship made of steel can float on sea water.
It is because the ship has a large hollow structure filled with air, making its total average density lower than sea water.
How does the test using a glowing wooden splinter differ when testing for Oxygen gas versus Hydrogen gas?
Oxygen relights the glowing splinter (promotes burning), while Hydrogen produces a 'pop' sound with a burning splinter (extinguised).
Why does a red apple appear black when viewed under pure green light?
It is because the red apple absorbs green light and reflects no light to our eyes.
Why are fossils almost exclusively found in sedimentary rocks rather than igneous or metamorphic rocks?
Because of the high temperature and high pressure involved in the mantle will destroy the organic remains.