Concussions
What is the name of the concussion assessment tool that is commonly used in sports?
SCAT5
12 Pairs
Describe the difference between an epidural hematoma and a subdural hematoma.
Epidural - bleeding above the dura
Subdural - bleeding below the dura
After suffering a concussion, how long should an athlete wait to begin activity?
An athlete may begin light activity as soon as they have been seen by a physician. Often times, this is 1-2 days after injury.
How many bones make up the human skull?
22 - Total
8 - Cranial
14 - Facial Bones
Describe a coup vs contrecoup injury to the brain.
Coup - Injury occurs on the side of the impact.
Contrecoup - Injury occurs on the opposite side of the impact.
Which of the cranial nerves is responsible for most movements of the face?
Cranial Nerve #7 - Facial Nerve
Name the top three most commonly fractured facial bones.
1. Nasal Bones
2. Mandible Bone
3. Zygomatic/Orbital Bones
Tomorrow, they should go back one day - Day 2 in this case.
The brain requires what percentage of total body oxygen and what percentage of total body blood flow.
20% oxygen
15% blood flow
What is the significance of AB 25 and Education Code 49475? (What does it legally require coaches to do in the event of a concussion?)
Athletes who have suffered a suspected concussion MUST be removed from play and referred to a physician.
Name at least 3 cranial nerves associated with the eyes.
#2 Optic: vision
#3 Oculomotor: eye movement, opening eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing.
#4 Trochlear: inferior and lateral movement of eye
#6 Abducens: lateral movement of eye
If a tooth is knocked out during a game, what should the athletic trainer do?
Place the tooth back in the socket
Place the tooth in saliva
Place tooth in whole milk
REFER TO DENTIST FOR REPAIR
Name three in-school accommodations that may be given to a student athlete who has suffered a concussion.
Breaks
Extra time on tests
Days off school
Typed notes
Listening instead of writing
Describe "battle sign" and "raccoon eyes"
What may cause these to develop?
Battle sign - Bruising behind the ears.
Raccoon eyes - Bruising and blood pooling around the eyes.
Describe the sequence of a typical B.E.S.S. test for a patient who has a suspected concussion. (All steps and foot positions involved)
1. Feet together - Eyes closed
2. Single leg on non-dominant foot - Eyes closed
3. Tandem Stance with dominant foot in front - eyes closed.
-All tests performed on hard surface and then a foam pad.
Which cranial nerve is associated with hearing and equilibrium? (Must include cranial nerve number)
#8 Vestibulocochlear: Hearing and equilibrium
In the event of an auricular hematoma, the athlete should...
Seek medical care immediately to have the blood drained from the ear. This will prevent long term damage as well as preventing hearing loss.
Before returning to play, an athlete MUST... (two major steps)
-Complete RTP protocol
-Receive final clearance from physician
Explain each step of the taping process for the ankle. (Include the direction of important pieces)
Heel + Lace Pad
Pre Wrap
Two anchors below the base of the calf (One at the foot)
Stirrups (Alternate) - Medial to lateral
C-strips (Alternate) - Medial to lateral
Figure 8s - Start at laces
Heel locks - Start at laces
Final cover strips
Describe the major differences between post-concussion syndrome and second impact syndrome.
Post-concussion syndrome is the presentation of several signs and symptoms of cognitive dysfunction and physical impairments.
Second impact syndrome is an additional blow to the head before the signs and symptoms of the first concussion have been alleviated. -50% mortality rate.
Name at least 6 of the cranial nerves. (Must include their number)
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
What is the medical term for a nose bleed?
What is the medical term for an ear infection? (swimmers ear)
Nose bleed - Epistaxis
Ear infection / Swimmers ear - Otitis Externa
Create a 7 day RTP protocol for an athlete in any sport of your choosing.
1. Light aerobic activity
2. Moderate aerobic activity (Light resistance training)
3. Strenuous aerobic activity (Moderate resistance training)
4. Non-contact training with sport-specific drills (No restrictions for weightlifting)
5. Limited contact practice
6. Full contact practice - Full unrestricted practice
7. Return to play (competition)
Perform a full cranial nerve assessment on a member of your group. Be sure all cranial nerves are addressed.
Smell something (1)
Focus at tip of the finger - H-Test - S-Test (2,3,4,6)
Bite down (5)
Smile (7)
Snap in ear - Romberg Test (8)
Swallow - Stick out tongue - Say Ahh (9,10,11,12)