VISION
the synapse used by retinal neurons
what is ribbon synapse
the fancy name for the ear canal
what is the external auditory meatus
what sense of balance includes
what is angular / linear head rotation and gravity
the stimulus energy for olfaction
an example of how sensations can interact
what is pain can eliminate itch
the part of the retina which is avascular
the place on the cochlea where the highest frequencies are detected
what is the base
the general role of the semi circular canals
what is to detect head rotation
the neurons which detect odours
what is olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium
a key molecule in touch transduction
what is piezo 2
the reason why l/m/s photoreceptors respond maximally to different wavelengths of light
what is they their opsins have slightly different amino acid sequences (they have the same chromophore)
the reason we have impedance matching
what is sound travels differently in air and in fluid
lever action and area ratio gives 2-3-db pressure gain
the parts of the semi circular canals
what is 3 crustaceans containing hair cells, cupula which stereocilia project into
what the surface of the olfactory bulb is covered in
what is glomeruli
how the upper body (including hands) is represented in the dorsal column nuclei
what is laterally
the cells the parvocellular pathway originates from and the cortical layers it terminates at
what is midget retinal ganglion cells and layer 4c beta
what neurons in the lateral superior olive will excite in response to
what is ILDs - when the sound is louder in the ipsilateral ear
how stimulus coupling in the semi circular canals works
what is when head rotates the fluid in the SCCs rotates the other way
this moves the hair bundle in the cupula and increases the frequency of action potentials fired
the role of g protein coupled receptors in olfaction
what is sensory transduction (combinatorial code - weak affinities)
how information from individual touch receptors can be integrated into the cortex
what is larger receptive fields spanning regions of skin which are activated simultaneously during motor activity
the cascade that leads to phototransduction in photoreceptors (100 BONUS POINTS: the mini cascade)
what is 11 cis retinal -> all trans retinal activates rhodopsin
rhodopsin activates transducin
transducin activates PDE6
PDE6 hydrolyses cGMP
cGMP gated cation channel closes
hyperpolarisation
(Ca2+ inhibits GCAP which activates GC which activates cGMP)
where lateral fibres in the olivo-cochlear efferent system originate from and terminate on
what is they originate near the lateral superior olive and terminate on the denfrites of ANFs under IHCs
how the vestibulo-ocular reflex works
the vestibular nucleus tells oculomotor system to excite extraocular muscles so head and eye movements match
the way we can increase specificity in olfaction
what is having more olfactory receptor genes - better discrimination
things that can happen to low threshold sensory fibres in the dorsal spinal cord
what is they can either synapse onto interneurons which form local connections and make a control network, or they can travel directly up the spinal cord