Introduction to cell structure and function
What is a cell?
The smallest self-contained unit capable of carrying out all processes necessary for survival.
Which cell type contains a nucleus?
Eukaryotic Cells
How many chromosomes make up the human body
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Which process is used for sexual reproduction?
meiosis
What layer of the uterus does the implanting blastocyst implant in?
Endometrium
What is the major function of the nucleus?
Gram negative - red
Gram positive - purple
Which protein unwinds the DNA helix for replication
DNA helicase
____ can be divided into 2 distinct phases
Meiosis
What day does the blastocyst become an embryo
day 15/16
Which membrane transport moves substances against their concentration gradient?
Active transport
What is one target for anti-microbial drugs on prokaryotic cells
Cell wall synthesis, cell membrane, nucleic acids, protein synthesis, metabolism
Which direction does DNA replication travel in
5 prime to 3 prime
What are the 7 phases of mitosis
Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis
What is differentiation
What are two differences between rough and smooth ER?
Smooth - ribosomes present, key function is protein synthesis, appearance: stack of membranous disks
Rough - no ribosomes, key function is lipid metabolism, steroid synthesis, calcium ion storage, glycogen metabolism, detoxification, appearance: looping network
What is a unique feature of bacteria DNA in prokaryotic cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic DNA also contains plasmids
4 phases of the cell cycle
G1 - cell growth and preparation of chromosomes for replication
S - synthesis of DNA and duplication of chromosomes
G2 - preparation for division
M - mitosis
What are the names of the five stages of prophase 1 in meiosis
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
What are the three primary germ layers and what aspects of the body do they give rise to
Ectoderm - nervous system
Mesoderm - skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
Endoderm - digestive tract, glands
other answers accepted
What is phagocytosis?
The bulk transport process by which a cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria.
What size are the ribosomes on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic - 70S
eukaryotic - 80S
Levels of DNA packing
Chromatin fibre/scaffold, solenoid (30nm), nucleosome (10nm)
4 differences between meiosis and mitosis
meiosis - involves gametes, two divisions, reproduction, parent cells are diploid (2n), 4 daughter cells are haploid, non-identical to parents
mitosis - involves somatic cells, one division, growth and repair, parent cells are diploid (2n), 2 daughter cells are diploid (2n), genetically identical to parents
What occurs on day 4 of fertilisation?
The cleavage stage occurs forming a morula which is a ball of cells tightly packed together before becoming a blastocyst.