a Native American kingdom located in modern-day Mexico; developed a number and calendar system; eventually declined and was "replaced" by Aztecs and Inca
What is the Mayan Empire?
100
A ruler of Portugal who encouraged and helped fund exploration (and thus helped Portugal take the lead in exploring the "New World")
Who is Prince Henry the Navigator?
100
the conquistador primarily responsible for the fall of the Aztec Empire
Who is Hernan Cortes?
100
the first English colony in North America (ended in mystery)
What is Roanoke?
100
He established the first French colony in Canada at the Saint Lawrence River; this colony was a failure
Who is Jacques Cartier?
200
One of the 4 common characteristics of North American natives: an idea of mutuality/ mutual give-and-take
What is reciprocity?
200
An explorer funded by the king and queen of Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) who helped Spain catch up with Portugal in exploration
Who is Christopher Columbus?
200
the conquistador primarily responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire; kidnapped the king for ransom and then killed the king
Who is Francisco Pizarro?
200
the second English colony in North America; established by the Virginia Company as a joint-stock colony
What is Jamestown?
200
conquistador who found Florida in 1512; he was very antagonistic; established the longest-standing settlement
Who is Juan Ponce de Leon?
300
A Native American empire located in modern-day Mexico; expanded through conquest and was a very violent and blood-based empire
What is the Aztec Empire?
300
An event lasting from the 8th century until 1492; the expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal); resulted in many men being trained as warriors and feeling the need to conquer
What is the Reconquista?
300
a very brutal conquistador who started a tribute system for Native Americans; he slaughtered an entire village and became known as the "Black Legend"
Who is Juan de Oñate?
300
the English "mercenary" sent to Jamestown to "whip them into shape" - strict disciplinarian who made Virginians work for their food
Who is John Smith?
300
One of the 4 common characteristics of North American natives: the spiritual essence or life force that Native Americans believed inhabited all creation
What is manitou?
400
A North American native group located in central North America; this group was primarily agricultural, and they were known for building mounds of various uses
Who are the Mississippians (Native American group)?
400
An advanced kingdom on the western coast of Africa (the Gold Coast); its capital was Timbuktu, and it was seen as an educational capital
What is the kingdom of Mali?
400
This man established the first successful French colony in Quebec
Who is Samuel de Champlain?
400
this colony/group of people had a more religious motive for their move to the Americas, for they were caught in religious controversy in England; they also had better relations with the surrounding natives (at least at first)
What is Plymouth Plantation/Puritans?
400
a conquistador who was reviled by the atrocities in European conquest; he devoted his life to religion and converted many Native Americans to Christianity
Who is Bartolome de las Casas?
500
A Native American group (considered the first of the advanced "Archaic Natives"); they built the Sun Pyramid, had massive trade networks, and lasted for hundreds of years
What is the Teotihuacan (city-state/empire)?
500
The treaty designed to stop the competition between Spain and Portugal; was meant to split the New World in half
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
500
a conquistador who led an expedition to Florida but got stranded and marched inland; he ended up running into other Spaniards in Mexico
Who is Cabeza de Vaca?
500
the first form of representative government in the English colonies
What is the House of Burgesses?
500
After the Virginia Company failed financially, this English King made Virginia a royal colony