Molecular Structure of Water
Water is made up of _____ _____ Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
What are the four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability for life?
Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent
Define Acid. Define Base.
Acid: any substance that increases the H_ concentration of a solution; pH less than Base: any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution; pH greater than 7
Describe the carbonyl functional group.
-CO
Define a dehydration reaction.
A dehydration reaction (synthesis) occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.
In a polar covalent bond, one atom is more __________, and the atoms do not share the electron equally.
electronegative
Define and describe the cohesion of water molecules. Define adhesion.
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon called cohesion
Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants
Adhesion is an attraction between different substances, for example, water and plant cell walls
_____ _____ is the study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin.
Describe the hydroxyl functional group.
-OH
Define hydrolysis.
Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.
Unequal sharing of electrons causes a partial _____ or _____ charge for each atom or molecule.
Partial positive or negative
Describe the moderation of temperature by water.
Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air.
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature
Because of carbon's ability to form _____ bonds, these building blocks can be used to make and inexhaustible variety of organic molecules.
4
Describe the carboxyl functional group.
-COOH
What is the molecular formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
__________ allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other.
Polarity
Describe expansion upon cooling.
Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered," making ice less dense than water.
If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth.
Define hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
Describe the amino functional group.
-NH2
What is the storage polysaccharide of plants?
What is the storage saccharide of animals?
Starch is the storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.
Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of animals, made up of glucose monomers.
Why do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, therefore a hydrogen bond is created between different water molecules.
Describe water's versatility as a solvent. Define aqueous solution.
Water is the solvent of life
Aqueous solutions are ones where water is the solvent
Define isomers and describe the three types of isomers.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
- Structural isomers: have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
- Cis/trans isomers: have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements. AKA geometric isomers
- Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of each other. AKA optical isomers
Define the sulfhydryl functional group.
-SH
Define saturated fatty acids.
Define unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS. Ex: Animal fats
Unsaturated fatty acids have ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS. Ex: Plant fats