DNA Structure and Replication
The three components of DNA structure
What are a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base?
What is a codon?
This operon is usually "turned off" through an active repressor, while the repressor is inactivated in the presence of substrate, and transcription/translation takes place
What is the lac operon?
The evolution of a trait that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction of an organism in a particular environment
What is adaptation?
These are the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, i.e. what must take place in order for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be reached.
What are:
a) Random mating
b) No natural selection
c) Large population size
d) No gene flow
e) No mutation
The pyrimidine bases
What are cytosine, thymine, uracil?
These are the enzyme responsible for transcription and the second step of transcription involving the synthesis of RNA, respectively
What are RNA polymerase and elongation?
The process that occurs in the somatic cells of females, resulting in one active and one inactive of this type of chromosome
What is X chromosome inactivation?
What is antibiotic resistance?
The Hardy-Weinberg equation, allowing us to determine the frequency of particular genotypes in a population
What is p2+2pq+q2=1?
This type of bond exists between two strands of DNA
What is hydrogen bonding?
This folded molecule contains an anticodon on one end and an amino acid attachment on the other
What is tRNA?
During alternative RNA splicing, this is the portion of DNA that does not code for proteins and is cut out during post-transcriptional modification
What are introns?
A structure that was once useful in a species's ancestor but is now very insignificant. A common example of this in humans is the appendix.
What is a vestigial structure?
This is a genetic disorder that results in the inability to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Because each strand of DNA becomes a template for replicated DNA, replication is said to be this
What is semiconservative?
What is a nonsense mutation?
A master control gene that controls gene expression and the development of anatomical structures
What is a homeotic gene?
The process by which distantly related organisms evolve independently but develop similar characteristics, it is the opposite of divergence.
What is convergent evolution?
Human birth weight is an example of this, favoring intermediate phenotypes
What is stabilizing selection?
This is the enzyme responsible for sealing Okazaki fragments
What is ligase?
This is the specific process used by mRNA vaccines.
What is translation?
These are normal genes that control cell growth AND the mutated version which leads to cancer, respectively
An example of a transitional form of a fossil, it was the transition between fish and early tetrapods.
What is tiktaalik?
This results in an extreme decline in diversity in a population. An example would be the large population of cheetahs that were wiped out in North America and Europe, due to the ice age and subsequent inbreeding
What is the bottleneck effect?