Bone Biology
What bone classification is defined as longer than it is wide?
Long Bone
Name the 3 types of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum.
True ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs
Which girdle provides a shallow joint for maximum mobility?
Pectoral girdle
What type of bone marking is a rounded opening for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
List 4 distinct functions of the skeletal system.
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production
Name the two types of bone cells responsible for building and resorbing bone
Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts
Which region of the vertebral column contains 12 vertebrae that articulate with ribs?
Thoracic region
Name the single bony attachment connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
Clavicle
Classify these 3 bones: Femur, Sternum, Carpals.
Long, Flat, Short
What is the structural difference between compact and spongy bone?
Compact has osteons/dense; Spongy has trabeculae/mesh
What are the two types of bone formation (ossification)?
Intramembranous & Endochondral
Identify two unique structural features of the skull not found elsewhere
Sutures, paranasal sinuses, TMJ joint
List 2 anatomical differences between male and female pelvic girdles.
Female angle >90°, wider inlet, lighter structure
Give an example of a bone projection that serves as a muscle attachment site.
Tuberosity, Trochanter, Tubercle
Walk through the 4 steps of bone fracture repair in order.
1. Hematoma, 2. Soft Callus, 3. Bony Callus, 4. Remodeling
What is the main difference between closed reduction and open reduction?
Closed = manual realignment; Open = surgical with pins/screws
Sketch or describe the 5 regions of the spine from superior to inferior with their count.
Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacrum 5 fused, Coccyx 3–5 fused
Compare the primary functions and joint stability of upper vs. lower limbs.
Upper = high mobility/manipulation; Lower = weight-bearing/stability
Identify the specific bone and region for: "Basin-like depression that receives the head of the humerus."
Glenoid cavity of the Scapula
Explain why bone is classified as a living organ rather than non-living support.
Contains living cells, vascularization/nerves, remodels, stores minerals
Explain how osteocytes and mechanical stress drive bone remodeling
Stress triggers osteoblasts to lay matrix where needed; lack of stress triggers resorption
What is the structural difference between false ribs and floating ribs?
False attach indirectly via Rib 7 cartilage; Floating have no anterior attachment
Why does the pelvic girdle prioritize stability while the pectoral girdle prioritizes range of motion?
Pelvic bears full body weight/locomotion; Pectoral positions hand in space
Identify the axial vs. appendicular components of both girdles.
Pectoral: Clavicle/Scapula = appendicular attached to Sternum = axial. Pelvic: Coxal = appendicular attached to Sacrum = axial)
Describe how endochondral ossification converts a cartilage model into mature long bone.
Cartilage collar forms, primary center in diaphysis, secondary in epiphyses