Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix. They secrete unmineralized bone matrix that includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins.
Osteoblasts
An incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack.
Partial fracture
Forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits (aka- eye sockets), and most of the front part of the cranial floor.
Frontal bone
Attach bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdles
The conversion of cartilage or other connective tissue into bone.
Ossification
Mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum. When stimulated, these cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteoprogenitor cells
The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
Open (compound) fracture
Form the lower sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. There are two of these bones.
Temporal bones
The longest and largest bone of the upper limb. At the shoulder, it articulates with the scapula, and at the elbow, it articulates with the ulna and radius.
Humerus
Hormone that is secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone
Human growth hormone (hGh)
Mature bone cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape. Osteocytes monitor and maintain the bone matrix. They also act as stress sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli. They also trigger bone remodeling.
Osteocytes
Bone is crushed. Common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma.
Compression fracture
Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium.
Occipital bone
It functions to increase the leverage of the tendon in the quadriceps, maintain the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed, and to protect the knee joint.
Patella
Active form (calcitriol) is produced by the kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from GI tract into blood deficiency caused faulty calcification and slows down bone growth.
Vitamin D
Very large, multi-nucleated cells located at sites of bone resorption. When actively resorbing (breaking down) bone, they lie in a shallow depression.
Osteoclasts
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. Common sports fracture.
Spiral fracture
These two bones form the prominence of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit.
Zygomatic
Technical name for the ankle bone
Talus
Hormone that is secreted by parathyroid glands; promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhanced recovery of calcium ions from urinal promotes formation of active form of vitamin D (calcitriol)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What type of substance makes up ~65% of bone mass (be specific- the name of the compound).
Hydroxyapatites; mostly calcium phosphates
Mineral salts
Bone breaks incompletely. Only one side of the shaft breaks, and the other side bends. Common in children.
Greenstick fracture
The largest, strongest facial bone and the only movable skull bone.
Mandible
Located in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It supports the tongue and provides attachment sites for some tongue muscles of the neck and pharynx. It is often fractured during strangulation.
Hyoid bone
Needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone ECM and decreased bone density.
Vitamin K and B12