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What gives the body smoothness and contour while providing a protective cushion for the skin?
a. arrector pili muscles
b. dermal papillae
c. subcutaneous tissue
d. keratin
c. subcutaneous tissue
What is the function of elastin?
a. It determines the depth and tone of an individual’s skin, hair, and eye color.
b. It lubricates the skin and preserves hair’s softness.
c. It gives the skin flexibility and elasticity.
d. It gives the skin form and strength.
c. It gives the skin flexibility and elasticity.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
a. to secrete oil to lubricate the skin
b. to excrete sweat to regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products
c. to produce the skin pigment melanin
d. to keep the skin moist by preventing water evaporation
a. to secrete oil to lubricate the skin
Water loss through perspiration is an example of which function of the skin?
a. excretion
b. secretion
c. absorption
d. protection
a. excretion
The medical branch of science that deals with the study of the skin, its functions, and diseases is _____.
a. anatomy
b. dermatology
c. histology
d. physiology
b. dermatology
_____ helps protect sensitive cells from UV rays.
a. Elastin
b. Sebum
c. Keratin
d. Melanin
d. Melanin
Water is the number one nutrient of the body and composes what percentage of the body’s skin?
a. 10 to 30 percent
b. 30 to 50 percent
c. 50 to 70 percent
d. 70 to 90 percent
c. 50 to 70 percent
What standard should be used to determine when to treat a skin condition?
a. When treatment requires breaking the skin or treating an open wound the client should be referred to a healthcare provider.
b. Only a cosmetologist with a dedicated specialization in skin care therapies should treat skin conditions.
c. When in doubt, refer the client to a healthcare provider.
d. A cosmetologist should only treat skin conditions in the initial stages of development; a long-term skin condition should be referred to a healthcare provider.
c. When in doubt, refer the client to a healthcare provider.
Select the most appropriate response for when a cosmetologist has a client with an eye infection that covers the whites of the eye and the eye is covered with a crusty substance.
a. Advise client that they may have pinkeye, which is highly contagious and should be addressed in consultation with a healthcare provider.
b. Wear protective gloves when servicing clients, and clean and disinfect all tools, equipment, and surfaces immediately after finishing.
c. Decline to perform any services on the face, but to be sensitive, offer to perform another service, such as on the nails.
d. Decline to service clients, and suggest they seek medical advice without speculating as to what is causing the eye condition.
d. Decline to service clients, and suggest they seek medical advice without speculating as to what is causing the eye condition.
What type of skin inflammation is caused by contact with certain ingredients or chemicals?
a. contact dermatitis
b. eczema
c. psoriasis
d. seborrheic dermatitis
a. contact dermatitis
Nerve fibers that send messages to the central nervous system and brain to react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain are called _____.
a. sensory nerve fibers
b. secretory nerve fibers
c. motor nerve fibers
d. autonomic nerve fibers
a. sensory nerve fibers
Which two structures give the skin strength, form, and flexibility?
a. dermis and epidermis
b. collagen and elastin
c. pheomelanin and eumelanin
d. keratin and melanocytes
b. collagen and elastin
What is the function of sudoriferous glands?
a. to produce the skin pigment melanin
b. to keep the skin moist by preventing water evaporation
c. to secrete oil to lubricate the skin
d. to excrete sweat to regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products
d. to excrete sweat to regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products
The layer of skin that is seen and treated by the cosmetologist is the _____.
a. stratum corneum
b. keratin
c. melanin
d. stratum spinosum
a. stratum corneum
What is a fibrous protein that is the principal component of hair and nails?
a. keratin
b. elastin
c. dermal papillae
d. collagen
a. keratin
The fibrous protein that gives skin its flexibility and helps skin regain its shape after being expanded is _____.
a. protein
b. collagen
c. elastin
d. keratin
c. elastin
All of the following are examples of primary lesions EXCEPT _________.
a. cysts
b. pustules
c. ulcers
d. tumors
c. ulcers
All the following are examples of secondary lesions EXCEPT _________.
a. macules
b. crusts
c. scales
d. fissures
a. macules
What is the name given to the chronic skin disease characterized by moderate to severe inflammation, scaling, and sometimes severe itching?
a. conjunctivitis
b. rosacea
c. impetigo
d. eczema
d. eczema
Which description best matches a keratoma?
a. red patches covered with silver-white scales
b. a small spot or blemish on the skin
c. a superficial, thickened patch of epidermis
d. a small brown or flesh-colored skin outgrowth
c. a superficial, thickened patch of epidermis
Which nerve fibers in the skin stimulate muscles?
a. sensory nerve fibers
b. secretory nerve fibers
c. motor nerve fibers
d. autonomic nerve fibers
c. motor nerve fibers
Which response describes a cause of wrinkles or sagging skin?
a. the inability of sudoriferous glands to eliminate waste products from the skin
b. the barrier function allowing too much skin moisture to be lost by water evaporation
Which response describes a cause of wrinkles or sagging skin?
a. the inability of sudoriferous glands to eliminate waste products from the skin
b. the barrier function allowing too much skin moisture to be lost by water evaporation
c. collagen fibers lose their strength due to exposure to UV light
d. the sebaceous glands secreting too little sebum due to emotional stress
c. collagen fibers lose their strength due to exposure to UV light
Which example illustrates the skin’s heat regulation function?
a. The barrier function prevents water evaporation.
b. Melanocytes produce melanin.
c. Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration.
d. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum.
c. Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration
Which type of nerve fibers carry impulses from the brain to the muscles?
a. sensory
b. motor
c. secretory
d. central
b. motor
The melanin produced by the body that is red to yellow in color is _____.
a. granular melanin
b. pheomelanin
c. eumelanin
d. photovoltaic
b. pheomelanin
Which sentence best describes visible differences in lesions that can be used to classify the lesion as either a primary or a secondary lesion?
a. Primary lesions are a different color than the surrounding skin, whereas secondary lesions have an accumulation of material on the skin surface.
b. Primary lesions are typically red or pink in color, whereas secondary lesions typically appear gray or purple in color.
c. Primary lesions are closed wounds, whereas secondary lesions discharge watery fluid or pus.
d. Primary lesions are flat compared to the surrounding skin, whereas secondary lesions protrude above the surface of the surrounding skin.
a. Primary lesions are a different color than the surrounding skin, whereas secondary lesions have an accumulation of material on the skin surface.
Which sentence best describes the difference between an open comedo and a closed comedo?
a. An open comedo is a lesion from which pus has discharged onto the skin surface, whereas a closed comedo is a lesion in which pus is still contained in the lesion.
b. An open comedo is a lesion with a visible opening in the skin, whereas a closed comedo is a lesion without a visible opening in the skin.
c. An open comedo is a whitehead in which the sebum has been exposed to the environment, whereas a closed comedo is a blackhead in which the sebum has not been exposed to the environment.
d. An open comedo is a blackhead in which the sebum has been exposed to the environment, whereas a closed comedo is a whitehead in which the sebum has not been exposed to the environment.
d. An open comedo is a blackhead in which the sebum has been exposed to the environment, whereas a closed comedo is a whitehead in which the sebum has not been exposed to the environment.
Which sentence best defines rosacea?
a. tiny benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening
b. a skin condition caused by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands that is often characterized by redness, dry or oily scaling, stubborn dandruff, crusting, and/or itchiness
c. a chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing that can progress to pustular-type breakouts
d. a condition involving visible capillaries commonly found on the face, particularly around the nose, cheeks, and chin
c. a chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing that can progress to pustular-type breakouts
Which skin hypertrophy is characterized by red patches covered with silver-white scales?
a. psoriasis
b. keratoma
c. verruca
d. eczema
a. psoriasis
Which skin pigmentation disorder is a genetic condition in which there is an absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes?
a. vitiligo
b. albinism
c. leukoderma
d. chloasma
b. albinism
Which sentence best defines melanin?
a. This fibrous, connective tissue is made from protein that gives the skin form and strength.
b. These tiny grains of pigment are produced by melanocytes in the stratum germinativum.
c. This fatty or oily substance lubricates the skin and preserves hair’s softness.
d. This fibrous protein of cells is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails.
b. These tiny grains of pigment are produced by melanocytes in the stratum germinativum.
Which sentence best describes the difference in the functions of pheomelanin and eumelanin in the skin?
a. A person with predominantly pheomelanin will detoxify the skin well, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin will have skin that is well lubricated and soft.
b. A person with predominantly pheomelanin tends to have rosy skin, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin tends to have cooler skin tones.
c. A person with predominantly pheomelanin will have skin with good form and strength, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin will have skin with good elasticity and flexibility.
d. A person with predominantly pheomelanin will have good muscle stimulation, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin will react quickly to sensory stimuli.
b. A person with predominantly pheomelanin tends to have rosy skin, whereas a person with predominantly eumelanin tends to have cooler skin tones.
Oil glands that are connected to hair follicles are also called _____.
a. sudoriferous glands
b. sebaceous glands
c. arrector glands
d. substance glands
b. sebaceous glands
All of the following are skin functions EXCEPT ________.
a. absorption
b. heat regulation
c. sensation
d. add necessary body weight to maintain good health
d. add necessary body weight to maintain good health
How is an ulcer an example of a secondary lesion?
a. An ulcer is a lesion that is raised above the surface of the surrounding skin.
b. An ulcer is an open lesion that may weep fluid or pus.
c. An ulcer is a lesion that can create a critical situation for someone with an underlying medical condition.
d. An ulcer has a 5-year survival rate of under 50 percent if left untreated.
b. An ulcer is an open lesion that may weep fluid or pus.
What is impetigo?
a. an uncomfortable inflammatory skin disease characterized by moderate to severe inflammation, scaling, and sometimes severe itching
b. a recurring viral infection that often presents as a fever blister or cold sore
c. an eye infection that may be caused by a bacterium or a virus
d. a contagious bacterial skin infection usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and characterized by weeping lesions
d. a contagious bacterial skin infection usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and characterized by weeping lesions
Which example is an intrinsic factor that influences skin aging?
a. overuse of harsh facial cleansers that dry out the sebaceous glands
b. use of cosmetic products that contain large amounts of oils that clog follicles
c. extended use of hormonal birth control pills
d. repetitive facial expressions
d. repetitive facial expressions
All of the following are examples of extrinsic factors that influence skin aging EXCEPT ______.
a. UV radiation
b. alcohol use
c. gravity
d. pollution
c. gravity
What is one way that sun exposure negatively affects the skin?
a. The natural weakening of collagen and elastin fibers happens at a much faster rate.
b. The sudoriferous glands discharge foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet.
c. The epidermis acquires superficial thickening in patches.
d. The skin develops hypopigmented spots and splotches.
a. The natural weakening of collagen and elastin fibers happens at a much faster rate.
All of the following are recommended to help cosmetologists prevent contact dermatitis EXCEPT:
a. Wear gloves when working with irritating chemicals.
b. Keep brush handles, containers, and tabletops clean and free from product, dust, and residue.
c. Keep tools, equipment, and surfaces clean and disinfected.
d. Sensitize the skin to the irritant by exposing it to larger and larger amounts.
d. Sensitize the skin to the irritant by exposing it to larger and larger amounts.
A broad-spectrum sunscreen is one that _________.
a. supplements the skin with vitamin D and other actives
b. protects the skin in a wide range of weather conditions
c. provides protection for all skin tones
d. has been shown to protect against UVA and UVB radiation from the sun
d. has been shown to protect against UVA and UVB radiation from the sun
Which is a reasonable prediction of an outcome for a client who does not use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher?
a. Collagen and elastin fibers will weaken, and the client’s skin will age prematurely.
b. The skin’s hydrolipidic film will break down and allow pathogens to penetrate the dry skin.
c. Sebum on the epidermis will dry up, allowing for bacteria to penetrate the epidermis.
d. The client will be susceptible to Sensory Processing Disorder, causing a lack of tolerance to hot and cold sensations on the skin.
a. Collagen and elastin fibers will weaken, and the client’s skin will age prematurely.
What characteristics can help identify a malignant melanoma?
a. scaly red or pink papules or nodules that may appear as open sores or crusty areas
b. black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture
c. pink or flesh-colored lesions that feel sharp or rough
d. light or pearly nodules felt on the skin
b. black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture
A small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop pus is a _____.
a. secondary lesion
b. papule
c. freckle
d. stain
b. papule
The following are all changes that occur over time in existing moles and could be indications that the mole is cancerous EXCEPT __________.
a. The mole’s edges are ragged or notched.
b. One half of the mole does not match the other half.
c. Large, dark hairs grow out of the mole.
d. The mole’s color is not the same all over.
c. Large, dark hairs grow out of the mole
_____ is a common bacterial infection of the eye.
a. Excorciation
b. Eczema
c. Leukoderma
d. Conjunctivitis
d. Conjunctivitis
What is a contagious, recurring viral infection characterized by fever blisters or cold sores?
a. herpes simplex I
b. herpes dermatitis
c. psoriasis
d. eczema
a. herpes simplex I
Between 80 and 85 percent of skin aging is caused by _____.
a. genetic factors
b. tobacco use
c. poor diet
d. sun exposure
d. sun exposure
_____ is an allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance.
a. Sensitization
b. Impetigo
c. Anhidrosis
d. Conjunctivitis
a. Sensitization
A _____ is a small brown or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin.
a. stain
b. sebaceous cyst
c. skin tag
d. keratoma
c. skin tag