Studies
This study examined how gender stereotypes influence children's beliefs about abilities and interests
Hilliard & Liben
The tendency to favor member's of one's own group over those in other groups
In-group bias
This theory proposes that individuals derive part of their self-concept from the social groups they belong to
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
Explain how belonging to cultural groups may influence behavior and/or cognition
Berry & Katz
An immigrant experiences this because expectations from their home culture conflict with expectations from the dominant culture.
Acculturative Stress
This study demonstrated stereotype threat by showing that African American students performed worse on a difficult test when their race was emphasized.
Steele & Aronson
The transmission of cultural knowledge, values, and norms across generations
Enculturation
The stage of Social Identity Theory where individuals adopt the norms and attitudes of their group
Social Identification
In Steele & Aronson's Study - What was the Dependent Variable?
Performance on the test
What is the feeling attached to stereotypes that causes those affected to perform worse when tested?
Anxiety
Investigated whether cultural differences in individualism vs collectivism affected conformity
Berry & Katz
The process of adjusting to a new culture while maintaining aspects of one's original culture
Integration
Psychological prominence of a specific group identity in a given context, making it more likely to guide an individual's attitudes, emotions, and behaviors
Salience
What cultural dimension puts emphasis on being pragmatic, encouraging being thrift and putting efforts into education as a way to prepare for the future
Long Term Orientation
Children imitate aggressive behavior after watching a model receive praise for that behavior. Which mechanism for observational learning explains why this behavior is more likely to be copied?
Motivation (Vicarious Reinforcement)
This study investigated which factors in the lives of Latino immigrants to the United States would decrease the level of acculturative stress
Miranda & Matheny
Which acculturation strategy often leads to the greatest levels of acculturative stress?
Marginalization
The idea that cognition, behavior, and environments are determinants of one another
Reciprocal Determinism
Explain Berry & Katz study on cultural dimensions
Compared the Temne (Collectivist) vs the Inuit (Individualist) - using the Solomon Asch conformity test. Found that Collectivist cultures conformed more than Individualistic cultures.
Give a real world example of Social Cognitive Theory in action
Answers vary - but should mention how learning this behavior from parents/surroundings is common
To study Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning Theory) - by viewing the effects of violent TV on children's behavior.
Joy, Kimball, & Zabrack
Some psychologists argue stereotypes may form when limited observations about a group become exaggerated and generalized to the entire population of that group. What concept describes this explanation for the origin of stereotypes?
Grain of truth hypothesis
According to Social Cognitive Theory, what four processes MUST occur for observational learning to happen?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Answer the following question - and reference a study
Outline one way cultural norms may influence human behavior
Hilliard & Liben
Fagot
Berry & Katz
Name and Describe 4 of the 6 cultural dimensions according to Hofstede
Power Distance Index
Individual vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance Index
Long Term vs Short Term Orientation
Indulgence vs. Restraint